多发性骨髓瘤（MM）是一种以浆细胞异常克隆增殖为特征的造血恶性肿瘤，可能导致局灶性骨损害、肾功能衰竭、贫血和/或高钙血症。近年来，由于对疾病发病机制的更好理解、风险分层的改进以及新治疗的出现，MM的诊断和治疗有了进一步发展。新药物的应用，包括蛋白酶体抑制剂、免疫调节药物、抗CD38抗体和高剂量化疗后造血干细胞移植，显著改善了患者的预后和生活质量。本综述总结了MM的鉴别诊断和治疗进展。© 2023 Hussain et al.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by the abnormal clonal proliferation of plasma cells that may result in focal bone lesions, renal failure, anemia, and/or hypercalcemia. Recently, the diagnosis and treatment of MM have evolved due to a better understanding of disease pathophysiology, improved risk stratification, and new treatments. The incorporation of new drugs, including proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, anti-CD38 antibodies and high-dose chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, has resulted in a significant improvement in patient outcomes and QoL. In this review, we summarize differential diagnoses and therapeutic advances in MM.© 2023 Hussain et al.