肿瘤细胞上表达的免疫检查点（ICP）分子可以抑制对肿瘤的免疫应答。ICP疗法通过针对T细胞和树突状细胞（DC）等免疫细胞的抑制和刺激通路，促进抗肿瘤免疫应答。由于免疫相关的不良事件（irAEs），低反应率和缺乏组合癌症免疫疗法（IMT）的最佳策略，对通过新型免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）进行组合治疗的研究一直受到限制。纳米颗粒（NPs）已经成为促进多学科合作的有力工具。利用NPs进行ICIs的靶向输送的可行性和疗效克服了主要障碍，提高了治疗效果，并为更多的临床研究提供了理由。同样，NPs可以结合或封装ICIs，包括抗体，RNA和小分子抑制剂。因此，将药物递送系统（DDS）与ICP疗法相结合可能为癌症治疗提供有益的免疫治疗策略。本文回顾了利用当前临床和临床前试验数据对单独和组合IMT进行控制DDS的显著NPs，以克服ICP治疗的局限性。 © 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.

Immune checkpoint (ICP) molecules expressed on tumor cells can suppress immune responses against tumors. ICP therapy promotes anti-tumor immune responses by targeting inhibitory and stimulatory pathways of immune cells like T cells and dendritic cells (DC). The investigation into the combination therapies through novel immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been limited due to immune-related adverse events (irAEs), low response rate, and lack of optimal strategy for combinatorial cancer immunotherapy (IMT). Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as powerful tools to promote multidisciplinary cooperation. The feasibility and efficacy of targeted delivery of ICIs using NPs overcome the primary barrier, improve therapeutic efficacy, and provide a rationale for more clinical investigations. Likewise, NPs can conjugate or encapsulate ICIs, including antibodies, RNAs, and small molecule inhibitors. Therefore, combining the drug delivery system (DDS) with ICP therapy could provide a profitable immunotherapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. This article reviews the significant NPs with controlled DDS using current data from clinical and pre-clinical trials on mono- and combination IMT to overcome ICP therapeutic limitations.© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.