随着过去几年中COVID-19 疫情的发展，人类免疫系统、快速突变和选择的SARS-CoV-2病毒变异以及有效的疫苗之间的相互作用，使个体免疫学历史的景观变得复杂。本文回顾了一些关键发现，包括抗体和B细胞介导的免疫，对高度突变的欧米克戎变异体的反应；免疫印记和连续的病毒抗原变异接触对抗体和B细胞记忆的其他影响；继发淋巴组织和粘膜组织以及非中和抗体介导的免疫；易受重症疾病影响的人群（如癌症、免疫缺陷和其他合并症）以及表现出对重症疾病明显抵抗力的人群（如许多非洲人群）的反应；以及抗体参与感染后急性继发症或长期COVID的证据。尽管疫情的初始阶段已经结束，但人类群体仍将面临由这种不可预测病毒带来的挑战。《病理学:疾病机制年度综述文集》第19卷的预计在线最终发布日期为2024年1月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates 获取修订后的估计日期。

As the COVID-19 pandemic has evolved during the past years, interactions between human immune systems, rapidly mutating and selected SARS-CoV-2 viral variants, and effective vaccines have complicated the landscape of individual immunological histories. Here, we review some key findings for antibody and B cell-mediated immunity, including responses to the highly mutated omicron variants; immunological imprinting and other impacts of successive viral antigenic variant exposures on antibody and B cell memory; responses in secondary lymphoid and mucosal tissues and non-neutralizing antibody-mediated immunity; responses in populations vulnerable to severe disease such as those with cancer, immunodeficiencies, and other comorbidities, as well as populations showing apparent resistance to severe disease such as many African populations; and evidence of antibody involvement in postacute sequelae of infection or long COVID. Despite the initial phase of the pandemic ending, human populations will continue to face challenges presented by this unpredictable virus. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 19 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.