尽管免疫检查点阻断（ICB）在癌症治疗方面取得了显著的临床成功，但对ICB疗法的反应率仍然不理想。最近的研究强烈表明，在肿瘤内部的第三级淋巴结构（TLS）与良好的预后和对免疫疗法的成功临床反应有关。然而，在体内显像和诱导肿瘤内TLS的高效且易操作方法仍然不足。生物材料在克服癌症传统诊断和治疗缺陷方面取得了巨大进展，抗肿瘤治疗也从基于生物材料的药物传递模型中受益。在本综述中，我们总结了基于生物材料的TLS显像和诱导的报道方法，并提供进一步增强显像和刺激肿瘤内TLS以预测和促进ICB疗法患者反应率的潜在策略。重要性陈述：在本综述中，我们关注了生物材料在TLS显像和诱导中的潜力。我们回顾了生物材料在分子显像和免疫治疗中的应用，并确定了适用于TLS显像和诱导的生物材料，并对进一步研究提出了展望。准确的显像和有效的TLS诱导对于理解机制和临床应用具有重要意义。我们强调了这一领域多学科协调与合作的需求，并提出了基于生物材料的非侵入性显像和人工诱导TLS的可能未来方向。我们相信这可以促进合作，并激发更广泛的努力。2023年版权所有，由Elsevier Ltd.出版。

Despite the remarkable clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in the treatment of cancer, the response rate to ICB therapy remains suboptimal. Recent studies have strongly demonstrated that intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are associated with a good prognosis and a successful clinical response to immunotherapy. However, there is still a shortage of efficient and wieldy approaches to image and induce intratumoral TLSs in vivo. Biomaterials have made great strides in overcoming the deficiencies of conventional diagnosis and therapies for cancer, and antitumor therapy has also benefited from biomaterial-based drug delivery models. In this review, we summarize the reported methods for TLS imaging and induction based on biomaterials and provide potential strategies that can further enhance the effectiveness of imaging and stimulating intratumoral TLSs to predict and promote the response rates of ICB therapies for patients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : In this review, we focused on the promising of biomaterials for imaging and induction of TLSs. We reviewed the applications of biomaterials in molecular imaging and immunotherapy, identified the biomaterials that may be suitable for TLS imaging and induction, and provided outlooks for further research. Accurate imaging and effective induction of TLSs are of great significance for understanding the mechanism and clinical application. We highlighted the need for multidisciplinary coordination and cooperation in this field, and proposed the possible future direction of noninvasive imaging and artificial induction of TLSs based on biomaterials. We believe that it can facilitate collaboration and galvanize a broader effort.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.