前列腺癌（PC）是男性最常见的癌症之一，也是第五大死因。年龄、种族、家族史和基因缺陷是决定PC侵袭性和致死性的主要因素。非洲人口患高级别PC的风险最高。由于PC病程缓慢，区分低危和高危患者可能具有挑战性。前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）是前列腺癌鉴定的一项革命性发现。然而，在过去几十年中，它导致了前列腺癌的过度诊断和过度治疗的增加。即使对标准PSA测试进行修改，其特异性也没有显著改善。由于不同领域的进展，我们对PC的遗传学和蛋白质组学的理解有所提高。新的血清、尿液和组织生物标志物，如前列腺癌抗原3（PCA3），引发了各种新的诊断测试，如前列腺健康指数、4K评分和PCA3。这些测试显著减少了不必要和重复活检的数量。化疗、放疗和前列腺切除术是标准治疗选择。但是，已经发现了对新型激素治疗药物更有效的新型激素疗法。去势疗法和激素疗法正在逐渐发展为管理激素敏感性和去势抵抗性PC的新的和更好的选择。本综述旨在强调和讨论PC的流行病学、各种危险因素以及诊断和治疗方案的发展。 © 2023. YUMED公司与BioMed Central有限公司。

Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers in males and the fifth leading reason of death. Age, ethnicity, family history, and genetic defects are major factors that determine the aggressiveness and lethality of PC. The African population is at the highest risk of developing high-grade PC. It can be challenging to distinguish between low-risk and high-risk patients due to the slow progression of PC. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a revolutionary discovery for the identification of PC. However, it has led to an increase in over diagnosis and over treatment of PC in the past few decades. Even if modifications are made to the standard PSA testing, the specificity has not been found to be significant. Our understanding of PC genetics and proteomics has improved due to advances in different fields. New serum, urine, and tissue biomarkers, such as PC antigen 3 (PCA3), have led to various new diagnostic tests, such as the prostate health index, 4K score, and PCA3. These tests significantly reduce the number of unnecessary and repeat biopsies performed. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and prostatectomy are standard treatment options. However, newer novel hormone therapy drugs with a better response have been identified. Androgen deprivation and hormonal therapy are evolving as new and better options for managing hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant PC. This review aimed to highlight and discuss epidemiology, various risk factors, and developments in PC diagnosis and treatment regimens.© 2023. YUMED Inc. and BioMed Central Ltd.