胰腺导管腺癌 (PDAC) 是一种在现代社会中急剧扩张的癌症，事实证明，对抗这种癌症仍然非常具有挑战性。这种疾病构成了肿瘤与其周围微环境之间存在多种相互作用的典型例子。特别是，PDAC 的特点是非常有利于癌症生长的免疫抑制环境，并使这种癌症类型对免疫治疗具有很强的抵抗力。原发肿瘤释放许多影响微环境和免疫景观的因素。细胞外囊泡（EV）最近被认为是确保生理和病理过程中细胞间通讯不可或缺的实体，似乎在确保将这些因子传递到肿瘤周围组织方面发挥着关键作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结了目前对肿瘤细胞和细胞免疫微环境之间串扰的理解，强调了细胞外囊泡所发挥的促恶性作用。我们还讨论了如何将更多关于 EV 在肿瘤免疫逃逸中的作用的知识转化为临床应用。版权所有 © 2023 作者。由爱思唯尔有限公司出版。保留所有权利。

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a type of cancer alarmingly expanding in our modern societies that is still proving to be very challenging to counteract. This disease constitutes a quintessential example of the multiple interactions existing between the tumour and its surrounding microenvironment. In particular, PDAC is characterized by a very immunosuppressive environment that favours cancer growth and makes this cancer type very resistant to immunotherapy. The primary tumour releases many factors that influence both the microenvironment and the immune landscape. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), recently identified as indispensable entities ensuring cell-to-cell communication in both physiological and pathological processes, seem to play a pivotal function in ensuring the delivery of these factors to the tumour-surrounding tissues. In this review, we summarize the present understanding on the crosstalk among tumour cells and the cellular immune microenvironment emphasizing the pro-malignant role played by extracellular vesicles. We also discuss how a greater knowledge of the roles of EVs in tumour immune escape could be translated into clinical applications.Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.