导致视网膜细胞损失的疾病会导致严重的视力障碍和失明。缺乏有效的疗法来解决视网膜细胞损失以及人类视网膜缺乏内在再生会导致不可逆转的病理状况。近年来，利用多能干细胞生成人类三维（3D）视网膜类器官（RO）方面取得的进展使得以惊人的细节重建人类视网膜的细胞结构和相关细胞间相互作用成为可能。这些人类 3D RO 系统由不同的视网膜细胞类型组成，具有背景生理反应，允许以动物模型和二维细胞培养无法实现的方式研究人类视网膜发育和视网膜疾病 (RD) 病理学。在这篇综述中，我们描述了从人类多能干细胞中提取 RO 及其在 RD 病理学建模中的应用，同时概述了其在学术界和工业界应用的机遇和挑战。版权所有 © 2023 Elsevier Inc. 保留所有权利。

Diseases leading to retinal cell loss can cause severe visual impairment and blindness. The lack of effective therapies to address retinal cell loss and the absence of intrinsic regeneration in the human retina leads to an irreversible pathological condition. Progress in recent years in the generation of human three-dimensional (3D) retinal organoids (RO) from pluripotent stem cells makes it possible to recreate the cytoarchitecture and associated cell-cell interactions of the human retina in remarkable detail. These human 3D RO systems made of distinct retinal cell types and possessing contextual physiological responses allow the study of human retina development and retinal disease (RD) pathology in a way animal model and two-dimensional cell cultures were unable to achieve. In this review we describe the derivation of ROs from human pluripotent stem cells and their application for modelling RD pathologies while outlining the opportunities and challenges for its application in academia and industry.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.