癌症免疫疗法最近的成功凸显了利用免疫系统治疗癌症的好处。疫苗在促进病原体免疫力方面有着悠久的历史，因此，针对癌症新抗原的疫苗一直被认为是指导和放大针对肿瘤的免疫反应，同时保护健康组织的工具。近年来，广泛的临床前研究和一百多项临床试验测试了新抗原发现和疫苗配方的不同策略。然而，尽管人们对新抗原疫苗充满热情，但大多数临床试验仍然无法证明明确的功效。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注与疫苗设计和肿瘤环境有关的关键障碍，这些障碍仍有待克服，以释放新抗原疫苗在癌症治疗中的真正潜力。© 2023。Springer Nature Limited。

The recent success of cancer immunotherapies has highlighted the benefit of harnessing the immune system for cancer treatment. Vaccines have a long history of promoting immunity to pathogens and, consequently, vaccines targeting cancer neoantigens have been championed as a tool to direct and amplify immune responses against tumours while sparing healthy tissue. In recent years, extensive preclinical research and more than one hundred clinical trials have tested different strategies of neoantigen discovery and vaccine formulations. However, despite the enthusiasm for neoantigen vaccines, proof of unequivocal efficacy has remained beyond reach for the majority of clinical trials. In this Review, we focus on the key obstacles pertaining to vaccine design and tumour environment that remain to be overcome in order to unleash the true potential of neoantigen vaccines in cancer therapy.© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.