本报告总结了美国退伍军人事务部 (VA) 题为“调节退伍军人部署相关慢性病中的微生物组-免疫轴”的实地会议。我们的退伍军人患者群体经常出现与服务相关的慢性身心健康问题，例如感染、肠易激综合征 (IBS)、炎症性肠病 (IBD)、各种形式的血液和非血液恶性肿瘤、神经系统疾病、终末期器官衰竭，需要移植，以及创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）。我们报告了一组科学家的观点，他们关注科学知识的现状，阐明上述疾病的机制、新的治疗靶点以及临床干预新方法的开发。总之，我们关注了四个感兴趣的研究领域：1）造血细胞和/或实体器官移植、移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）和移植物排斥后微生物组与免疫细胞的相互作用，2）肠道炎症及其修饰IBD 和癌症，3) 微生物组-神经元-免疫在精神和身体健康中的相互作用，4) 微生物组-微量营养素-免疫在体内平衡和传染病过程中的相互作用。在这次退伍军人事务部现场会议上，我们提议探索一种多学科、多机构的协作策略来启动路线图，特别关注患有与服务相关的慢性疾病的人之间的宿主微生物组-免疫相互作用，以潜在地识别新颖且可转化的药物治疗目标。

The present report summarizes the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) field-based meeting titled "Modulating microbiome-immune axis in the deployment-related chronic diseases of Veterans." Our Veteran patient population experiences a high incidence of service-related chronic physical and mental health problems, such as infection, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), various forms of hematological and non-hematological malignancies, neurologic conditions, end-stage organ failure, requiring transplantation, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We report the views of a group of scientists who focus on the current state of scientific knowledge elucidating the mechanisms underlying the aforementioned disorders, novel therapeutic targets, and development of new approaches for clinical intervention. In conclusion, we dovetailed on four research areas of interest: 1) microbiome interaction with immune cells after hematopoietic cell and/or solid organ transplantation, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft rejection, 2) intestinal inflammation and its modification in IBD and cancer, 3) microbiome-neuron-immunity interplay in mental and physical health, and 4) microbiome-micronutrient-immune interactions during homeostasis and infectious diseases. At this VA field-based meeting, we proposed to explore a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional, collaborative strategy to initiate a roadmap, specifically focusing on host microbiome-immune interactions among those with service-related chronic diseases to potentially identify novel and translatable therapeutic targets.