卫星神经胶质细胞是围绕初级感觉神经元细胞体的独特神经胶质细胞。越来越多的证据表明，在存在炎症和神经损伤的情况下，大量卫星胶质细胞被激活，从而引发一系列功能变化。这表明卫星胶质细胞与慢性疼痛的发生密切相关。在这篇综述中，我们首先总结了卫星胶质细胞的形态结构、分子标记和生理功能。然后，我们阐明了卫星胶质细胞在慢性疼痛中的多个关键作用，包括间隙连接半通道Cx43、膜通道Pannexin1、K通道亚基4.1、ATP、嘌呤能P2受体以及一系列附加因子及其受体，包括肿瘤坏死因子、谷氨酸、内皮素和缓激肽。最后，我们建议未来的研究应集中于卫星胶质细胞的特异性分选，并确定生理和病理条件下的基因组差异。该综述为阐明慢性疼痛的外周调节机制提供了重要的视角，并将有助于制定慢性疼痛的新治疗计划。

Satellite glial cells are unique glial cells that surround the cell body of primary sensory neurons. An increasing body of evidence suggests that in the presence of inflammation and nerve damage, a significant number of satellite glial cells become activated, thus triggering a series of functional changes. This suggests that satellite glial cells are closely related to the occurrence of chronic pain. In this review, we first summarize the morphological structure, molecular markers, and physiological functions of satellite glial cells. Then, we clarify the multiple key roles of satellite glial cells in chronic pain, including gap junction hemichannel Cx43, membrane channel Pannexin1, K channel subunit 4.1, ATP, purinergic P2 receptors, and a series of additional factors and their receptors, including tumor necrosis factor, glutamate, endothelin, and bradykinin. Finally, we propose that future research should focus on the specific sorting of satellite glial cells, and identify genomic differences between physiological and pathological conditions. This review provides an important perspective for clarifying mechanisms underlying the peripheral regulation of chronic pain and will facilitate the formulation of new treatment plans for chronic pain.