碳纳米材料（CNM），包括碳纳米管（CNT）、石墨烯和纳米金刚石（ND），在检测和治疗包括肾癌在内的多种癌症方面显示出巨大的前景。 CNM 可以提高诊断技术的敏感性，以更好地识别和监测肾癌。它们能够将靶向药物专门输送到肿瘤部位，而对健康组织影响很小。由于其独特的化学和物理特性，它们可以避开人体的防御机制，使其更容易在肿瘤存在的地方积聚。因此，CNM 可以更有效地向肾癌细胞输送药物。它还有助于提高治疗效果。本综述探讨了几种 CNM 在改善肾癌治疗策略方面的潜力。我们简要介绍了 CNM 的理化特性和治疗应用。此外，我们还讨论了 CNM 的结构修饰如何提高其治疗肾癌的精确度。本综述全面概述了用于治疗肾癌的基于 CNM 的基因、肽和药物递送策略。它涵盖了其他基于 CNM 的治疗方法的信息，例如热疗、光动力疗法和光声疗法。此外，还探讨了 CNM 与肿瘤微环境 (TME) 的相互作用，包括免疫反应的调节、肿瘤缺氧的调节、CNM 与 TME 细胞之间的相互作用、TME pH 对 CNM 的影响等。最后，还讨论了 CNM 的潜在副作用，例如毒性、生物冠形成、酶降解和生物相容性。© 2023。作者获得 Springer Nature B.V. 的独家许可。

Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and nanodiamonds (NDs), have shown great promise in detecting and treating numerous cancers, including kidney cancer. CNMs can increase the sensitivity of diagnostic techniques for better kidney cancer identification and surveillance. They enable targeted medicine delivery specifically to tumour locations, with little effect on healthy tissue. Because of their unique chemical and physical characteristics, they can avoid the body's defence mechanisms, making it easier to accumulate where tumours exist. Consequently, CNMs provide more effective drug delivery to kidney cancer cells. It also helps in improving the efficacy of treatment. This review explores the potential of several CNMs in improving therapeutic strategies for kidney cancer. We briefly covered the physicochemical properties and therapeutic applications of CNMs. Additionally, we discussed how structural modifications in CNMs enhance their precision in treating renal cancer. A thorough overview of CNM-based gene, peptide, and drug delivery strategies for the treatment of renal cancer is presented in this review. It covers information on other CNM-based therapeutic approaches, such as hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, and photoacoustic therapy. Also, the interactions of CNMs with the tumour microenvironment (TME) are explored, including modulation of the immune response, regulation of tumour hypoxia, interactions between CNMs and TME cells, effects of TME pH on CNMs, and more. Finally, potential side effects of CNMs, such as toxicity, bio corona formation, enzymatic degradation, and biocompatibility, are also discussed.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.