肾脏疾病患病率的上升迫切需要新的疗法。肾脏类器官和肾小管是先进的体外模型，最近被描述为研究肾脏（病理）生理学的有前途的工具。最近的发展表明它们在疾病建模、药物筛选和肾毒性方面的应用。这些应用依赖于它们在体外模拟（功能障碍）功能的能力，包括内分泌活动和药物、电解质和水的运输。本综述概述了这些新兴的肾脏模型，并重点关注利用其功能的最新进展。此外，我们还涵盖了当前的局限性，并为这个快速发展的领域提供了未来的前景，包括这些功能特性对现在和未来的转化和个性化医学意味着什么。版权所有 © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。

The rising prevalence of kidney diseases urges the need for novel therapies. Kidney organoids and tubuloids are advanced in vitro models and have recently been described as promising tools to study kidney (patho)physiology. Recent developments have shown their application in disease modeling, drug screening, and nephrotoxicity. These applications rely on their ability to mimic (dys)function in vitro including endocrine activity and drug, electrolyte, and water transport. This review provides an overview of these emerging kidney models and focuses on the most recent developments that utilize their functional capabilities. In addition, we cover current limitations and provide future perspectives for this rapidly evolving field, including what these functional properties mean for translational and personalized medicine now and in the future.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.