这篇综述总结了新的证据，表明神经内分泌系统参与肿瘤免疫微环境（TIME）的调节，从而影响癌症进展。神经内分泌系统与癌症相互作用的基础通常是通过神经纤维向肿瘤组织的浸润来实现的，这称为神经发生；癌细胞向神经纤维和神经递质迁移（称为神经周围浸润（PNI））。除了神经递质在神经通讯中的传统作用外，神经递质越来越被认为是神经系统、癌细胞和免疫系统之间串扰的介质。最近的研究表明，不仅是神经纤维，神经细胞内的癌细胞和免疫细胞也参与其中。 TIME可以分泌神经递质，对神经元及其自身产生影响。此外，还发现浸润肿瘤环境的免疫细胞表达多种神经递质受体。因此，针对这些神经递质受体可能会促进肿瘤微环境中免疫细胞的活性并发挥抗肿瘤免疫力。在此，我们讨论神经内分泌系统和肿瘤浸润免疫细胞之间的串扰，这可能提供可行的癌症免疫治疗选择。版权所有 © 2023。由 Elsevier B.V. 出版。

This review summarizes emerging evidence that the neuroendocrine system is involved in the regulation of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to influence cancer progression. The basis of the interaction between the neuroendocrine system and cancer is usually achieved by the infiltration of nerve fibers into the tumor tissue, which is called neurogenesis; the migration of cancer cells toward nerve fibers, which is called perineural invasion (PNI), and the neurotransmitters. In addition to the traditional role of neurotransmitters in neural communications, neurotransmitters are increasingly recognized as mediators of crosstalk between the nervous system, cancer cells, and the immune system.Recent studies have revealed that not only nerve fibers but also cancer cells and immune cells within the TIME can secrete neurotransmitters, exerting influence on both neurons and themselves. Furthermore, immune cells infiltrating the tumor environment have been found to express a wide array of neurotransmitter receptors. Hence, targeting these neurotransmitter receptors may promote the activity of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and exert anti-tumor immunity. Herein, we discuss the crosstalk between the neuroendocrine system and tumor-infiltrating immune cells, which may provide feasible cancer immunotherapy options.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.