猴头菇属蘑菇在中国、印度、日本、韩国等东亚国家作为功能性食品和传统药物有着悠久的历史。猴头菇的某些种类在中国被称为猴头菇（Houtougu），在日本被称为山蕈，传统上被认为是稀有珍贵的保健食品和药材，用于治疗消化不良、失眠、慢性胃炎、消化道肿瘤等。本综述旨在总结近年来猴头菇属植物的民族药理学、次级代谢产物的结构多样性，以及猴头菇类粗提物和纯化合物的药理活性。所有信息均通过搜索Scifinder、PubMed、Web of Science、ScienceDirect、Springer、Wiley、ACS、CNKI、百度学术、谷歌学术数据库和其他使用关键词“猴头菇”、“传统用途”、“化学”的出版材料（书籍和博士和硕士论文）成分”、“质量控制”和“药理活性”（1971年-2023年5月）。物种名称查询https://www.mycobank.org/。总结了猴头菌的传统用途，总结了230种猴头菌的次生代谢产物，分为六类，主要关注其化学多样性、生物合成、生物活性。对其粗提物和分馏提取物进行的体内或体外现代药理学实验表明，猴头菌属物种的化学成分具有广泛的生物活性，包括神经保护、抗菌、抗癌、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制、抗氧化和抗炎活性。猴头菌属次生代谢产物结构高度多样化，有可能成为具有生物活性的真菌天然产物的丰富资源。此外，其粗提物和纯化合物所揭示的生物活性与关键的人类健康问题密切相关，显然有必要对潜在的先导化合物、药理作用机制和药物特性进行深入研究。版权所有 © 2023。由爱思唯尔出版B.V.

Mushrooms in the genus Hericium are used as functional food and traditional medicines for a long history in East Asian countries such as China, India, Japan, and Korea. Some species of Hericium are called as monkey head mushroom (Houtougu) in China and Yamabushitake in Japan, which are traditionally considered as rare and precious health promoting food and medicinal materials for the treatment of dyspepsia, insomnia, chronic gastritis, and digestive tract tumors.This review aims to summarize the ethnopharmacology and structural diversity of secondary metabolites from Hericium species, as well as the pharmacological activities of the crude extracts and pure compounds from Hericium species in recent years.All the information was gathered by searching Scifinder, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Springer, Wiley, ACS, CNKI, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar databases and other published materials (books and Ph.D. and M. Sc. Dissertations) using the keywords "Hericium", "Traditional uses", "Chemical composition", "Quality control" and "Pharmacological activity" (1971-May 2023). The species name was checked with https://www.mycobank.org/.The traditional uses of Hericium species were summarized, and 230 secondary metabolites from Hericium species were summarized and classified into six classes, mainly focusing on their chemical diversity, biosynthesis, biological activities. The modern pharmacological experiments in vivo or in vitro on their crude and fractionated extracts showed that the chemical components from Hericium species have a broad range of bioactivities, including neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anticancer, α-glucosidase inhibitory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.The secondary metabolites discovered from Hericium species are highly structurally diverse, and they have the potential to be rich resources of bioactive fungal natural products. Moreover, the unveiled bioactivities of their crude extracts and pure compounds are closely related to critical human health concerns, and in-depth studies on the potential lead compounds, mechanism of pharmacological effects and pharmaceutical properties are clearly warranted.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.