摘要MicroRNA (miRNA) 是保守的、短的非编码RNA，在基因表达的转录后调控中发挥着至关重要的作用。它们与癌症以及神经、心血管和自身免疫疾病的发病机制有关。最近的几项研究表明，miRNA 在调节免疫细胞的分化、成熟和激活方面发挥着关键作用，从而影响宿主对感染的免疫反应。感染引起的 miRNA 上调或下调会影响负责免疫反应的基因的蛋白质表达，并可以确定疾病进展的风险。最近，miRNA 已被探索作为各种传染病的诊断生物标志物和治疗靶点。这篇综述总结了我们目前从临床角度对 miRNA 在病毒、真菌、细菌和寄生虫感染中的作用的理解，包括关键的功能机制及其作为生物标志物和治疗靶点的潜在用途的影响。

SUMMARYMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are conserved, short, non-coding RNAs that play a crucial role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer and neurological, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. Several recent studies have suggested that miRNAs are key players in regulating the differentiation, maturation, and activation of immune cells, thereby influencing the host immune response to infection. The resultant upregulation or downregulation of miRNAs from infection influences the protein expression of genes responsible for the immune response and can determine the risk of disease progression. Recently, miRNAs have been explored as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in various infectious diseases. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of miRNAs during viral, fungal, bacterial, and parasitic infections from a clinical perspective, including critical functional mechanisms and implications for their potential use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.