结核病（TB）和肺癌（LC）在诊断、流行病学和治疗方面的相关性仍不清楚。根据不同的队列和回顾性研究，这种相关性可以通过暴露于结核病而导致免疫弱点来证明，这可能会增加 LC 的风险。在这项研究中，我们试图展示结核病和肺癌之间的显着联系。同时患有结核病和肺癌的患者的诊断和治疗与仅患有其中一种疾病的患者不同。在这篇综述中，明确了LC最实用的诊断方法是胸部断层扫描、活检和组织病理学，而肺结核的最实用的诊断方法是痰液显微镜检查、自发荧光支气管镜检查（AFB）、培养和PCR。此外，免疫学方法可以作为鉴别诊断的一个很好的选择。大多数流行病学研究都是关于结核病流行地区（尤其是中东地区）结核病和肺癌的并发情况。对于LC，最推荐的明确治疗方法是化疗、放疗和手术，而对于结核病，可以采用长疗程的抗结核治疗。此外，如果干扰素-γ释放测定 (IGRA) 呈阴性，则免疫疗法被认为是治疗肺癌的良好方法。版权所有© 2023 国家结核病和肺部疾病研究所。

The correlation between tuberculosis (TB) and lung cancer (LC) in diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment is still unclear. Based on different cohort and retrospective studies, this correlation could be justified by immune weakness because of exposure to TB which may increase the risk of LC. In this study, we tried to exhibit a prominent connection between TB and LC. The diagnosis and treatment of patients with concomitant TB and LC differ from patients with only one of the diseases. In this review, it was well clarified that the most practical diagnostic method for LC is chest tomography, biopsy, and histopathology, and for pulmonary TB sputum microscopic examination, Autofluorescence bronchoscopy (AFB), culture, and PCR. Also, immunological methods can be a good alternative for differential diagnosis. Most epidemiological studies were about concomitant TB and LC in TB-endemic areas, especially in the Middle East. The most suggested methods for definite treatment of LC are chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery while for TB, a long course of anti-TB therapy can be used. Moreover, immunotherapy is considered a good treatment for lung cancer if the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) is negative.Copyright© 2023 National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.