胆管癌（CCa）是一种高度致命的胆道上皮细胞恶性肿瘤。肝吸虫感染是东南亚和西太平洋地区CCa流行区众所周知的病因之一。多步骤过程是鱼源性肝吸虫慢性感染诱发致癌的基础。吸虫在胆管内进食和迁移造成的机械损伤会导致胆管上皮细胞受损。一种名为 OvGRN-1 的寄生虫的排泄或分泌产物被人类胆管细胞内化，并诱导与伤口愈合和癌症途径相关的基因和蛋白质表达的变化。炎症细胞因子及其基因多态性也可能与胆道病理有关。高血浆白细胞介素 6 (IL-6) 水平会促进 CCa 细胞系增殖，从而增加发生晚期导管周围纤维化 (APF) 和 CCa 的风险。抗蠕虫药物有助于降低吸虫引起的 CCa 风险。手术切除肿瘤和肝移植也可能有帮助。当晚期 CCa 患者无法接受手术或其他治疗方案未能显示出改善时，可以考虑化疗。卫生条件的改善、健康教育、吸虫感染筛查和抗蠕虫治疗有助于预防肝吸虫感染，从而预防肝吸虫病的发生。版权所有 © 2023，Sivanand 等人。

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCa) is a highly lethal malignancy of biliary tract epithelial cells. Liver fluke infection is one of the well-known causes of CCa in endemic areas of Southeast Asian and Western Pacific regions. Multistep processes underlie carcinogenesis induced by chronic infection with the fish-borne liver fluke. Mechanical injury from fluke feeding and migrating in the bile duct causes damage to the bile duct epithelial cells. The excretory or secretory product of a parasite called OvGRN-1 is internalized by human cholangiocytes and induces changes in gene and protein expression associated with wound healing and cancer pathways. Inflammatory cytokines and their gene polymorphisms may also be linked to biliary pathologies. High plasma levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) increase the risk of developing advanced periductal fibrosis (APF) and CCa by promoting CCa cell line proliferation. Anti-helminthic drugs can help decrease the risk of CCa caused by flukes. Surgical resection of the tumor and liver transplantation might be helpful too. Chemotherapy is considered for patients with advanced CCa when they cannot undergo surgery or when other treatment options fail to show improvement. Improvements in hygiene, health education, screening for fluke infection, and anti-helminthic therapy can help prevent liver fluke infection and thus the occurrence of CCa.Copyright © 2023, Sivanand et al.