肾肿瘤被列为 10 种最常见的癌症之一。肾细胞癌（RCC）是最常见的肾癌类型，被认为是西方世界第七大常见癌症类型。最常被描述为改变的基因是 VHL、PBRM1、SETD2、KDM5C、PTEN、BAP1、mTOR、TP53、TCEB1 (ELOC)、SMARCA4、ARID1A 和 PIK3CA。 RCC 疗法可分为三类：单克隆抗体、酪氨酸激酶抑制剂和 mTOR 抑制剂。此外，还有治疗肾细胞癌的靶向药物。然而，患者经常出现副作用和耐药性。尽管许多多药耐药机制已被报道给 RCC，但专注于揭示新生物标志物以及无副作用或低副作用的更有效抗肿瘤疗法的研究非常重要。一些研究报告称，蜂蜜、表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯 (EGCG)、姜黄素、白藜芦醇和 englerin A 等天然产物具有抗肾细胞癌 (RCC) 的抗肿瘤活性。此外，纳米科学是改善肾细胞癌治疗并减少副作用的另一种策略，因为它改善了药代动力学并降低了化疗的毒性。考虑到这一点，我们对 RCC 标志、耐药性和辅助治疗的最新研究结果进行了系统回顾。总之，一系列研究报告称，由于对标准疗法产生耐药性，肾细胞癌的特点是发病率高且死亡率增加。鉴于改善 RCC 治疗和减少不良反应的重要性，纳米科学和天然产品可以纳入治疗策略中。版权所有 2023，国际抗癌研究所。

Renal neoplasms are highlighted as one of the 10 most common types of cancer. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of renal cancer, considered the seventh most common type of cancer in the Western world. The most frequently altered genes described as altered are VHL, PBRM1, SETD2, KDM5C, PTEN, BAP1, mTOR, TP53, TCEB1 (ELOC), SMARCA4, ARID1A, and PIK3CA. RCC therapies can be classified in three groups: monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and mTOR inhibitors. Besides, there are targeted agents to treat RCC. However, frequently patients present side effects and resistance. Even though many multidrug resistance mechanisms already have been reported to RCC, studies focused on revealing new biomarkers as well as more effective antitumor therapies with no or low side effects are very important. Some studies reported that natural products, such as honey, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), curcumin, resveratrol, and englerin A showed antitumor activity against RCC. Moreover, nanoscience is another strategy to improve RCC treatment and reduce the side effects due to the improvement in pharmacokinetics and reduction of toxicities of chemotherapies. Taking this into account, we conducted a systemic review of recent research findings on RCC hallmarks, drug resistance, and adjuvant therapies. In conclusion, a range of studies reported that RCC is characterized by high incidence and increased mortality rates because of the development of resistance to standard therapies. Given the importance of improving RCC treatment and reducing adverse effects, nanoscience and natural products can be included in therapeutic strategies.Copyright 2023, International Institute of Anticancer Research.