在病毒攻击的情况下，自然杀伤 (NK) 细胞作为对抗感染的早期免疫反应者发挥着重要作用。在此反应期间，NK 细胞群发生显着变化，特别是在其频率、位置和亚型流行率方面。在这篇综述中，总结了与几种病原性病毒感染相关的 NK 细胞库的变化，特别关注在这些环境中导致 NK 细胞失调的变化。反过来，这种失调会导致 NK 细胞反应过度或反应低下，从而导致宿主病理。高反应性 NK 细胞介导显着的宿主细胞死亡并有助于产生高炎症环境。反应低下的 NK 细胞群会趋于衰竭，并且常常无法限制病毒的发病机制，从而可能导致病毒持续存在。过去三十年来，针对癌症领域出现了几种旨在解决 NK 细胞失调问题的新兴治疗方法，这些方法可能被证明有望治疗病毒性疾病。然而，应用此类疗法治疗病毒感染的研究仍然严重不足。本综述简要探讨了几种治疗方法，包括使用 TGF-β 抑制剂、免疫检查点抑制剂、过继性 NK 细胞疗法、CAR NK 细胞和 NK 细胞接合剂等治疗方法。版权所有 © 2023 Bjorgen、Dick、Cromarty、Hart 和 Rhein 。

In the setting of viral challenge, natural killer (NK) cells play an important role as an early immune responder against infection. During this response, significant changes in the NK cell population occur, particularly in terms of their frequency, location, and subtype prevalence. In this review, changes in the NK cell repertoire associated with several pathogenic viral infections are summarized, with a particular focus placed on changes that contribute to NK cell dysregulation in these settings. This dysregulation, in turn, can contribute to host pathology either by causing NK cells to be hyperresponsive or hyporesponsive. Hyperresponsive NK cells mediate significant host cell death and contribute to generating a hyperinflammatory environment. Hyporesponsive NK cell populations shift toward exhaustion and often fail to limit viral pathogenesis, possibly enabling viral persistence. Several emerging therapeutic approaches aimed at addressing NK cell dysregulation have arisen in the last three decades in the setting of cancer and may prove to hold promise in treating viral diseases. However, the application of such therapeutics to treat viral infections remains critically underexplored. This review briefly explores several therapeutic approaches, including the administration of TGF-β inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive NK cell therapies, CAR NK cells, and NK cell engagers among other therapeutics.Copyright © 2023 Bjorgen, Dick, Cromarty, Hart and Rhein.