胶质母细胞瘤是一种侵袭性原发性脑肿瘤，20 多年来在治疗方面几乎没有取得进展。为了满足这一迫切的临床需求，多种免疫治疗策略正在开发中，包括CAR-T细胞、免疫检查点抑制剂、溶瘤病毒和树突状细胞疫苗，尽管这些方法尚未产生显着的临床效益。迄今为止缺乏成功的潜在原因包括免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境、血脑屏障以及肿瘤及其治疗驱动的免疫系统的系统性变化。此外，虽然 T 细胞是肿瘤控制的重要效应细胞，但树突状细胞在 T 细胞激活中发挥着同样重要的作用，新的证据表明，胶质母细胞瘤患者的树突状细胞区室可能受到严重损害。在这篇综述中，我们描述了目前正在开发的胶质母细胞瘤免疫治疗方法以及面临的挑战，特别强调树突状细胞-T细胞轴的关键作用。我们提出了多种可用于增加树突状细胞数量和功能的策略，并建议将这些策略与 T 细胞靶向策略结合使用可以成功控制肿瘤。版权所有 © 2023 Gardam、Gargett、Brown 和 Ebert。

Glioblastoma is an aggressive primary brain tumor that has seen few advances in treatments for over 20 years. In response to this desperate clinical need, multiple immunotherapy strategies are under development, including CAR-T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses and dendritic cell vaccines, although these approaches are yet to yield significant clinical benefit. Potential reasons for the lack of success so far include the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, the blood-brain barrier, and systemic changes to the immune system driven by both the tumor and its treatment. Furthermore, while T cells are essential effector cells for tumor control, dendritic cells play an equally important role in T cell activation, and emerging evidence suggests the dendritic cell compartment may be deeply compromised in glioblastoma patients. In this review, we describe the immunotherapy approaches currently under development for glioblastoma and the challenges faced, with a particular emphasis on the critical role of the dendritic cell-T cell axis. We suggest a number of strategies that could be used to boost dendritic cell number and function and propose that the use of these in combination with T cell-targeting strategies could lead to successful tumor control.Copyright © 2023 Gardam, Gargett, Brown and Ebert.