MicroRNA (miRNA) 是具有 20-22 个核苷酸的非编码 RNA，由内源基因编码，能够靶向大多数人类 mRNA。砷被认为是一种人类致癌物，可导致许多不良健康影响，包括糖尿病、皮肤损伤、肾脏疾病、神经功能障碍、男性生殖损伤和心血管疾病（CVD），如心律失常、缺血性心力衰竭和内皮功能障碍。 miRNA可以通过直接靶向癌基因或肿瘤抑制基因而充当肿瘤抑制基因和癌基因。近年来，miRNA失调被认为是砷诱发人类疾病的重要机制，也是预测砷暴露引起疾病的潜在生物标志物。内源性 miRNA（例如 miR-21、miR-200 家族、miR-155 和 let-7 家族）通过诱导翻译抑制或 RNA 降解并影响多种途径（包括 mTOR/Arg 1、 HIF-1α/VEGF、AKT、c-Myc、MAPK、Wnt 和 PI3K 通路。此外，源自植物的外源miRNA，例如miR-34a、miR-159、miR-2911、miR-159a、miR-156c、miR-168等，可以从血液转运至特定组织/器官体内系统。这些外源 miRNA 可能通过调节宿主基因表达来治疗人类疾病。这篇综述总结了 miRNA 在砷诱发的人类疾病中的调控机制，包括癌症、CVD 和其他人类疾病。这些特殊的 miRNA 可以作为管理和治疗与砷暴露相关的人类疾病的潜在生物标志物。最后，描述了外源 miRNA 的保护作用，包括抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗心血管疾病、抗氧化应激和抗病毒。

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs with 20-22 nucleotides, which are encoded by endogenous genes and are capable of targeting the majority of human mRNAs. Arsenic is regarded as a human carcinogen, which can lead to many adverse health effects including diabetes, skin lesions, kidney disease, neurological impairment, male reproductive injury, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart failure, and endothelial dysfunction. miRNAs can act as tumor suppressors and oncogenes via directly targeting oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Recently, miRNA dysregulation was considered to be an important mechanism of arsenic-induced human diseases and a potential biomarker to predict the diseases caused by arsenic exposure. Endogenic miRNAs such as miR-21, the miR-200 family, miR-155, and the let-7 family are involved in arsenic-induced human disease by inducing translational repression or RNA degradation and influencing multiple pathways, including mTOR/Arg 1, HIF-1α/VEGF, AKT, c-Myc, MAPK, Wnt, and PI3K pathways. Additionally, exogenous miRNAs derived from plants, such as miR-34a, miR-159, miR-2911, miR-159a, miR-156c, miR-168, etc., among others, can be transported from blood to specific tissue/organ systems in vivo. These exogenous miRNAs might be critical players in the treatment of human diseases by regulating host gene expression. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in arsenic-induced human diseases, including cancers, CVD, and other human diseases. These special miRNAs could serve as potential biomarkers in the management and treatment of human diseases linked to arsenic exposure. Finally, the protective action of exogenous miRNAs, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-CVD, antioxidant stress, and antivirus are described.