非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）是最普遍的肺癌亚型。最近的研究表明，免疫检查点抑制剂在可切除的非小细胞肺癌中取得了良好的临床获益；然而，相关机制仍不清楚。 T 细胞在抗肿瘤免疫中的作用受到了相当多的关注，而肿瘤浸润 B 细胞 (TIB) 在 NSCLC 中的抗肿瘤作用仍知之甚少。在这里，我们对从 12 名 IIIA NSCLC 患者中分离的免疫细胞进行了单细胞 RNA 测序分析，以研究新辅助化学免疫治疗后的 B 细胞亚型及其功能。我们证实了四种B细胞亚型同时存在。其中，记忆B细胞被发现与新辅助化学免疫疗法的积极治疗效果相关。此外，我们发现 G 蛋白偶联受体 183 (GPR183) 在记忆 B 细胞中最为普遍，并且与积极的治疗反应相关。在另一组由 22 名初治患者和 30 名接受新辅助化学免疫疗法治疗的 IIIA/IIIB NSCLC 患者中进行的多重免疫荧光和流式细胞术实验验证了这些发现。总体而言，我们的分析揭示了 TIB 的功能及其对 NSCLC 临床治疗的潜在影响。© 作者 2023。由牛津大学出版社代表白细胞生物学学会出版。版权所有。如需权限，请发送电子邮件至：journals.permissions@oup.com。

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most pervasive lung cancer subtype. Recent studies have shown that immune checkpoint inhibitors achieved favorable clinical benefits in resectable NSCLC; however, the associated mechanism remains unclear. The role of T cells in antitumor immunity has received considerable attention, while the antitumor effects of tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIBs) in NSCLC remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a single-cell RNA-seq analysis of immune cells isolated from 12 patients with IIIA NSCLC to investigate B cell subtypes and their functions following neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy. We confirmed the simultaneous existence of the four B cell subtypes. Among them, memory B cells were found to be associated with a positive therapeutic effect to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy. Furthermore, we found that G Protein-Coupled Receptor 183 (GPR183) was most prevalent in memory B cells and associated with a positive therapeutic response. Multiplex immunofluorescence and flow cytometry experiments in an additional cohort of 22 treatment-naïve and 30 IIIA/IIIB NSCLC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy verified these findings. Overall, our analysis revealed the functions of TIBs and their potential effect on clinical treatment in NSCLC.© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Society for Leukocyte Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.