肿瘤免疫疗法正在重塑某些肿瘤的传统临床治疗方法，尤其是依赖 T 细胞的激活。然而，由于评估 T 细胞反应和相应调整治疗方案方面遇到困难，许多抗肿瘤免疫治疗剂的安全性和有效性并不理想。在这里，我们回顾了体内 T 细胞活性临床可视化的进展，并特别关注 T 细胞激活的分子成像探针和生物标志物。还讨论了当前的挑战和前景，旨在实现实时监测 T 细胞活性、预测肿瘤免疫治疗的预后和反应以及评估疾病管理的更好策略。版权所有 © 2023 Elsevier Ltd。保留所有权利。

Tumor immunotherapy is refashioning traditional treatments in the clinic for certain tumors, especially by relying on the activation of T cells. However, the safety and effectiveness of many antitumor immunotherapeutic agents are suboptimal due to difficulties encountered in assessing T cell responses and adjusting treatment regimens accordingly. Here, we review advances in the clinical visualization of T cell activity in vivo, and focus particularly on molecular imaging probes and biomarkers of T cell activation. Current challenges and prospects are also discussed that aim to achieve a better strategy for real-time monitoring of T cell activity, predicting prognoses and responses to tumor immunotherapy, and assessing disease management.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.