中性粒细胞减少症是危及生命的侵袭性真菌感染（IFIs）的最重要原因。在这里，我们研究了在患有实体瘤或血液系统恶性肿瘤的中性粒细胞减少症患者中定植或引起感染的念珠菌属物种的频率和抗真菌药敏性。总共从 138 名患者中收集了 362 个临床样本。使用混合真菌学方法进行初步分离后，使用显色培养基筛选分离株。应用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)进行分子鉴定。使用测序参考方法确认阳性或疑似病例。采用微肉汤稀释法对伏立康唑和卡泊芬净进行抗真菌药敏试验。应用计算机测定法进行系统发育分析。分离出34株念珠菌菌株。白色念珠菌（47.06%）和光滑念珠菌（29.41%）是最常见的菌株。抗真菌治疗使中性粒细胞减少患者的念珠菌定植几率降低了近 76%（OR：1.759；95% CI：1.349 至 2.390；p 值：0.000）。据报道，一名 56 岁患有血液系统恶性肿瘤 (HM) 的男性的血液中发现了一种不寻常且无耐药性的菌株，兰比卡杆菌。八个分离株不敏感，一个分离株对伏立康唑耐药。此外，四种分离株对卡泊芬净不敏感。我们可以得出结论，中性粒细胞减少症、HM背景和从中性粒细胞减少症患者中分离出的念珠菌种类之间存在因果关系，这可能导致可能的感染。建议使用不同的分子方法进行进一步的重复研究，以更好地预测和管理中性粒细胞减少症患者的真菌感染。© 2023。作者。

Neutropenia is the most important cause of life-threatening invasive fungal infections (IFIs). Here, we studied the frequency and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida species that colonized or caused infections among neutropenic patients with solid or hematological malignancies.A total of 362 clinical samples were collected from 138 patients. After initial isolation using a mix of mycological methods, isolates were screened using chromogenic culture media. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was applied for molecular identification. Positive or suspected cases were confirmed using the reference method of sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility testing for voriconazole and caspofungin was carried out using the microbroth dilution method. An in-silico assay was applied for phylogenetic analysis.Thirty-four Candida strains were isolated. C. albicans (47.06%) and C. glabrata (29.41%) were the most frequent strains. Antifungal treatment reduced the chance of Candida colonization by almost 76% in neutropenic patients (OR: 1.759; 95% CI: 1.349 to 2.390; p value: 0.000). An unusual and non-resistant strain, C. lambica, was reported from the bloodstream of a 56-year-old man with hematologic malignancy (HM). Eight isolates were non-susceptible, and one isolate was resistant to voriconazole. Also, four isolates were non-susceptible to caspofungin.We can conclude that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between neutropenia, HM background, and Candida species separated from neutropenic patients, which can lead to possible infections. Further and repetitive studies are recommended using different molecular methods for better prediction and management of fungal infections in neutropenic patients.© 2023. The Author(s).