儿科人群的颅骨病变是影像学上常见的发现，有时具有异质性表现，构成诊断挑战。有些病变可能因其侵袭性而被误解，例如较大的病变会侵蚀皮质骨，包含软组织成分，导致过度的、在某些情况下甚至是侵入性的、不适当的病因学调查。在这篇综述中，我们提出了多种可能表现为颅骨病变或假性病变的病症，并按组（解剖变异、先天性和发育障碍、创伤性损伤、血管问题、感染性疾病和肿瘤过程）进行组织。解剖变异是常见的影像学表现，必须得到神经放射科医生的认可。先天性畸形是罕见的疾病，例如先天性皮肤发育不全和颅骨膜窦，通常见于较早的年龄，其中大多数是良性表现。如果有外伤，应考虑头颅血肿、生长性颅骨骨折和外伤后溶解性病变。骨髓炎往往具有局部侵袭性，并且可能类似于恶性肿瘤，在这种情况下，临床病史可能是诊断的关键。血管性（镰状细胞病）和肿瘤性（动脉瘤性骨囊肿、嗜酸性肉芽肿、转移）病变是相对罕见的病变，但在存在某些影像学表现的情况下，应在鉴别诊断中予以考虑。主要困难是良恶性的鉴别；因此，这篇图文并茂的主要目的是回顾儿科时期发现的主要颅骨溶解性病变，描述不同成像方式（CT 和 MRI）的主要发现，使神经放射科医生通过系统的诊断更有信心建立鉴别诊断。以及病变的简单表征。© 2023 美国神经影像学会。

Skull lesions in pediatric population are common findings on imaging and sometimes with heterogeneous manifestations, constituting a diagnostic challenge. Some lesions can be misinterpreted for their aggressiveness, as with larger lesions eroding cortical bone, containing soft tissue components, leading to excessive and, in some cases, invasive inappropriate etiological investigation. In this review, we present multiple several conditions that may present as skull lesions or pseudolesions, organized by groups (anatomic variants, congenital and development disorders, traumatic injuries, vascular issues, infectious conditions, and tumoral processes). Anatomic variants are common imaging findings that must be recognized by the neuroradiologist. Congenital malformations are rare conditions, such as aplasia cutis congenita and sinus pericranii, usually seen at earlier ages, the majority of which are benign findings. In case of trauma, cephalohematoma, growing skull fractures, and posttraumatic lytic lesions should be considered. Osteomyelitis tends to be locally aggressive and may mimic malignancy, in which cases, the clinical history can be the key to diagnosis. Vascular (sickle cell disease) and tumoral (aneurismal bone cyst, eosinophilic granuloma, metastases) lesions are relatively rare lesions but should be considered in the differential diagnosis, in the presence of certain imaging findings. The main difficulty is the differentiation between the benign and malignant nature; therefore, the main objective of this pictorial essay is to review the main skull lytic lesions found in pediatric age, describing the main findings in different imaging modalities (CT and MRI), allowing the neuroradiologist greater confidence in establishing the differential diagnosis, through a systematic and simple characterization of the lesions.© 2023 American Society of Neuroimaging.