免疫疗法的出现彻底改变了癌症的治疗方式。癌症疫苗旨在利用宿主免疫系统诱导肿瘤特异性杀伤作用，因其广泛的患者覆盖范围、高安全性和联合用药潜力而前景广阔。尽管前景广阔，癌症疫苗的临床转化仍面临障碍，包括缺乏效力、肿瘤抗原和佐剂的选择有限以及免疫抑制的肿瘤微环境。仿生和仿生纳米技术为癌症疫苗的设计理念提供了新的动力。通过模仿自然界的隐形涂层、病原体识别模式、病原体的组织向性等不可替代的特性，仿生和仿生癌症疫苗可以获得长效性、靶向性、自我辅助性和按需释放等功能。每种类型的生物体（细胞或微生物）的特定行为和内源性分子为癌症疫苗提供了独特的功能，以满足免疫治疗的特定需求。在这篇综述中，将概述受真核细胞、细菌和病毒启发的用于推进癌症疫苗开发的策略。我们将在最后分享我们对未来癌症疫苗开发的见解，以加快临床转化。© 2023 作者。河南大学和约翰·威利出版的《探索》

The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionized the treating modalities of cancer. Cancer vaccine, aiming to harness the host immune system to induce a tumor-specific killing effect, holds great promises for its broad patient coverage, high safety, and combination potentials. Despite promising, the clinical translation of cancer vaccines faces obstacles including the lack of potency, limited options of tumor antigens and adjuvants, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Biomimetic and bioinspired nanotechnology provides new impetus for the designing concepts of cancer vaccines. Through mimicking the stealth coating, pathogen recognition pattern, tissue tropism of pathogen, and other irreplaceable properties from nature, biomimetic and bioinspired cancer vaccines could gain functions such as longstanding, targeting, self-adjuvanting, and on-demand cargo release. The specific behavior and endogenous molecules of each type of living entity (cell or microorganism) offer unique features to cancer vaccines to address specific needs for immunotherapy. In this review, the strategies inspired by eukaryotic cells, bacteria, and viruses will be overviewed for advancing cancer vaccine development. Our insights into the future cancer vaccine development will be shared at the end for expediting the clinical translation.© 2023 The Authors. Exploration published by Henan University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.