简单语言摘要 吡唑并[3,4-d]嘧啶是在生物和化学领域具有显着多功能性和重要性的化合物。这些化合物由特定的原子排列组成，形成独特的环结构，能够以与嘌呤类似的方式形成化学键。在化学领域，吡唑并[3,4-d]嘧啶由于能够轻松与各种分子发生反应而表现出令人印象深刻的灵活性，为创造具有多种特性的新型化合物在药物化学中的潜在应用开辟了途径。在生物学背景下，吡唑并[3,4-d]嘧啶由于与酶等蛋白质的相互作用而发挥着至关重要的作用。事实上，这些化合物可以影响各种生物过程，包括癌细胞增殖、氧化应激和炎症。这引发了对其作为治疗剂潜力的研究：通过设计具有特定生物靶点的吡唑并[3,4-d]嘧啶，可以开发新药来有效治疗一系列疾病。最后，正在研究新型给药工具（例如纳米材料和功能化脂质体），作为克服吡唑并[3,4-d]嘧啶主要不良特性（溶解度低和脱靶副作用）的有效方法，从而提高其功效以及针对细胞靶点的特异性。总之，吡唑并[3,4-d]嘧啶是令人着迷的分子，在化学和生物学中具有双重作用。它们在化学反应中的适应性使它们成为设计具有不同应用的新化合物的宝贵构建模块。此外，它们与生物分子的相互作用为创新药物的开发带来了希望。对这些化合物的性质和行为的持续研究可能会导致这两个科学领域的重大进步。

Plain language summary Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines are chemical compounds possessing remarkable versatility and significance in both biological and chemical contexts. These compounds are composed of specific arrangements of atoms, forming a unique ring structure, which is able to form bonds in a similar way as purines do. In the realm of chemistry, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines showcase impressive flexibility due to their ability to easily react with various molecules, opening avenues for the creation of novel compounds with diverse properties for potential applications in medicinal chemistry. In a biological context, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines play a crucial role due to their interaction with proteins such as enzymes. In fact, these compounds can impact various biological processes, including cancer cell proliferation, oxidative stress and inflammation. This has led to investigations into their potential as therapeutic agents: by designing pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines with specific biological targets in mind, new drugs can be developed for the effective treatment of a range of medical conditions. Finally, novel administration tools (e.g., nanomaterials and functionalized liposomes) are being studied as effective ways to overcome the main unwanted characteristics of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines (scarce solubility and off-target side effects), thereby increasing their efficacy and specificity toward cell targets. In conclusion, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines are fascinating molecules with a dual role in chemistry and biology. Their adaptability in chemical reactions makes them valuable building blocks for designing new compounds with diverse applications. Additionally, their interaction with biological molecules holds promise for the development of innovative medicines. Ongoing research into the properties and behaviors of these compounds could lead to significant advancements in both scientific fields.