任何疾病的进展及其结果都取决于病原体、宿主和环境因素之间复杂的相互作用。因此，有必要全面了解发病机制中涉及的细菌毒素，以开发诊断方法和替代疗法（包括疫苗）。这篇综述总结了最近使用的生物标志物来诊断幽门螺杆菌的存在。作者综述了不同类型的疾病相关生物标志物，例如脲酶、DNA、miRNA、适体和噬菌体，这些生物标志物可用作检测幽门螺杆菌以及早期胃癌的靶标。在最近利用这些生物标记物开发高度特异性和灵敏的生物传感平台的背景下，还给出了详细的解释。

The progression of any disease and its outcomes depend on the complicated interaction between pathogens, host and environmental factors. Thus, complete knowledge of bacterial toxins involved in pathogenesis is necessary to develop diagnostic methods and alternative therapies, including vaccines. This review summarizes recently employed biomarkers to diagnose the presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria. The authors review distinct types of disease-associated biomarkers such as urease, DNA, miRNA, aptamers and bacteriophages that can be utilized as targets to detect Helicobacter pylori and, moreover, gastric cancer in its early stage. A detailed explanation is also given in the context of the recent utilization of these biomarkers in the development of a highly specific and sensitive biosensing platform.