为了调查顽固性精囊炎患者精子质量低下的分子病因，我们使用了接受经尿道精囊镜检查的持续性血精患者和健康志愿者的精子样本。通过经尿道精囊镜检查或手淫射精从精囊采集精子样本。采用WLJY-9000彩色精液分析系统对精子质量进行分析。使用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）测定精浆中的肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）和白细胞介素6（IL-6）。使用过氧化氢试剂盒测量精浆中的 H2O2。通过蛋白质印迹分析和免疫荧光测定来测量核因子红细胞 2 相关因子 2 (Nrf2) 和磷酸化 Nrf2 (p-Nrf2) 的蛋白水平。持续性血精患者的精液样本中检测到精子质量参数较低，精浆中炎症细胞因子（TNFα、IL-6和H2O2）水平升高。根据免疫荧光测定的结果，Nrf2和p-Nrf2在人类精子细胞的细胞核和外周中强烈表达。持续性血精患者的精子样本中Nrf2和p-Nrf2的蛋白水平显着低于精子活力正常的健康志愿者的精子样本。结果表明，Nrf2 信号传导可能在顽固性精囊炎患者的精子质量低下中发挥作用。版权所有 © 2023 版权所有：© 作者 (2023)。

To investigate the molecular etiology of low sperm quality in patients with intractable spermatocystitis, spermatozoa samples from patients with persistent hematospermia undergoing transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy and healthy volunteers were utilized. Spermatozoa samples were collected from the seminal vesicles through transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy or by masturbation ejaculation. Sperm quality was analyzed by a WLJY-9000 color semen analysis system. Measurement of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the seminal plasma was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Measurement of H2O2 in the seminal plasma was performed with a hydrogen peroxide kit. The protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and phosphorylated-Nrf2 (p-Nrf2) were measured by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assays. Low sperm quality parameters and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, and H2O2) in the seminal plasma were detected among the semen samples from the patients with persistent hematospermia. Nrf2 and p-Nrf2 were strongly expressed in the nucleus and periphery of human sperm cells, according to the results of the immunofluorescence assays. The protein levels of Nrf2 and p-Nrf2 were significantly lower in the spermatozoa samples from patients with persistent hematospermia than in those from healthy volunteers with normal sperm motility. The results suggested that Nrf2 signaling might play a role in the low sperm quality of patients with intractable spermatocystitis.Copyright © 2023 Copyright: © The Author(s)(2023).