目前的甲型和乙型流感病毒 (IABV) 疫苗提供的保护效果不佳，目前正在努力开发通用的 IABV 疫苗。血液中和抗体是目前保护的金标准，但调节人类 IABV 特异性免疫的许多过程发生在粘膜和淋巴组织中。我们需要更好地了解免疫细胞在这些组织内如何反应的机制，以推进我们当前（缓慢且昂贵）的疫苗测试模型。我们认为先进的人类适应性免疫体外模型可以弥补疫苗设计、动物模型和人体临床试验之间的一些差距。在这里，我们重点介绍如何将它们融入当前实践，并在逆向转化保护性疫苗的定义特征以合理设计新候选药物方面发挥作用。版权所有 © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。

Current influenza A and B virus (IABV) vaccines provide suboptimal protection and efforts are underway to develop a universal IABV vaccine. Blood neutralizing antibodies are the current gold standard for protection, but many processes that regulate human IABV-specific immunity occur in mucosal and lymphoid tissues. We need an improved mechanistic understanding of how immune cells respond within these tissues to advance our current (slow and expensive) vaccine testing model. We posit that advanced in vitro models of human adaptive immunity can bridge some of the gaps between vaccine design, animal models, and human clinical trials. Here, we highlight how they can be integrated into current practices and play a role in reverse translating the defined features of protective vaccines to rationally design new candidates.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.