多年来，乙肝病毒和HPV疫苗的研发步伐从未停止。经过30多年的应用，乙肝疫苗已经减少了80%的肝细胞癌（HCC）。然而，疫苗逃逸变异是在广泛疫苗接种和抗病毒治疗引起的选择压力下发生的，从而导致暴发性感染和水平传播。已经研究了几种机制来解释乙型肝炎疫苗逃逸，包括主要亲水区域的疫苗逃逸突变（VEM），导致中和抗体的结合能力下降，是主要的逃逸机制，蛋白质构象和N-连接糖基化VEM引起的位点变化、基因型分布的差异、基因重组以及一些暂时未知的原因。但有效的解决方案仍在探索中。 HPV疫苗也被证明可以预防全球70%-90%的宫颈癌。临床上也曾观察到接种疫苗后感染HPV的病例。然而，很少有研究人员关注HPV疫苗逃逸的机制。因此，我们回顾了有关 HBV 和 HPV 疫苗逃逸的文献，讨论病毒逃逸疫苗保护的机制以及解决该问题的可能方法。我们分析了 HPV 和 HBV 研究之间的差距，并对 HPV 疫苗逃逸的进一步研究进行了展望。© 2023 作者。 《医学病毒学杂志》由 Wiley periodicals LLC 出版。

Over the years, the pace of developing vaccines for HBV and HPV has never stopped. After more than 30 years of application, the HBV vaccine has reduced 80% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, vaccine escape variants occur under selective pressure induced by widespread vaccination and antiviral therapy, which results in fulminant infection and horizontal transmission. Several mechanisms have been studied to explain HBV vaccine escape, including vaccine escape mutations (VEMs) in the major hydrophilic region, which leads to a decrease in the binding ability to neutralize antibodies and is the primary escape mechanism, protein conformational and N-linked glycosylation sites changes caused by VEMs, differences in genotype distribution, gene recombination, and some temporarily unknown reasons. However, effective solutions are still being explored. The HPV vaccine has also been proven to prevent 70%-90% of cervical cancer worldwide. Cases of HPV infection after being vaccinated have been observed in clinical practice. However, few researchers have paid attention to the mechanism of HPV vaccine escape. Thus, we reviewed the literature on vaccine escape of both HBV and HPV to discuss the mechanism of the virus escaping from vaccine protection and possible solutions to this problem. We analyzed the gap between studies of HPV and HBV and made prospects for further research in HPV vaccine escape.© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Medical Virology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.