纳米治疗学是一个很有前景的领域，它将诊断和治疗的优点结合到一个纳米平台中，不仅可以进行治疗，还可以实时监测治疗反应，减少用药剂量不足/过量的可能性。此外，开发用于癌症治疗诊断的智能递送系统（SDS）可以利用各种 TME 条件（例如变形的肿瘤脉管系统、各种过表达的受体蛋白、pH 值降低、氧化应激以及由此导致的谷胱甘肽水平升高），有助于实现改善的药代动力学、更高的肿瘤积累、增强的抗肿瘤功效和/或减少的副作用和多药耐药性（MDR）抑制。聚合物纳米粒子（PNP）由于其独特的特性，如尺寸小、被动/主动靶向可能性、更好的药物动力学和生物分布、减少现有药物的不良反应、对MDR外排泵的固有抑制特性等，正在这方面得到广泛的研究蛋白质，以及在一种设计中提供多种治疗物质的可行性。因此，在这篇综述中，我们主要讨论了基于 PNP 的靶向和/或受控 SDS，其中我们详细阐述了不同的 TME 介导的纳米治疗平台 (NTP)，包括主动/被动/磁性靶向平台以及 pH/ROS/氧化还原响应平台。此外，我们还阐明了基于四种主要癌症成像技术（即荧光/光声/放射性核素/磁共振成像）的不同成像引导癌症治疗平台。此外，我们还考虑了一些最新开发的基于 PNP 的多模态纳米治疗平台（通过在癌症治疗诊断中将两种或多种成像或治疗技术结合在一个纳米平台上）。此外，我们还提供了基于 PNP 的 NTP 的简要更新，该 NTP 是最近开发的，旨在克服 MDR，实现有效的癌症治疗。此外，我们还简要讨论了这些纳米平台的组织生物分布/肿瘤靶向效率以及最近的临床前/临床研究。最后，我们详细阐述了与基于 PNP 的纳米平台相关的各种限制。© 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd。

Nanotheranostics is a promising field that combines the benefits of diagnostic and treatment into a single nano-platform that not only administers treatment but also allows for real-time monitoring of therapeutic response, decreasing the possibility of under/over-drug dosing. Furthermore, developing smart delivery systems (SDSs) for cancer theranostics that can take advantage of various TME conditions (such as deformed tumour vasculature, various over-expressed receptor proteins, reduced pH, oxidative stress, and resulting elevated glutathione levels) can aid in achieving improved pharmacokinetics, higher tumour accumulation, enhanced antitumor efficacy, and/or decreased side effects and multidug resistance (MDR) inhibition. Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) are being widely investigated in this regard due to their unique features such as small size, passive/active targeting possibility, better pharmaceutical kinetics and biological distribution, decreased adverse reactions of the established drugs, inherent inhibitory properties to MDR efflux pump proteins, as well as the feasibility of delivering numerous therapeutic substances in just one design. Hence in this review, we have primarily discussed PNPs based targeted and/or controlled SDSs in which we have elaborated upon different TME mediated nanotheranostic platforms (NTP) including active/passive/magnetic targeting platforms along with pH/ROS/redox-responsive platforms. Besides, we have elucidated different imaging guided cancer therapeutic platforms based on four major cancer imaging techniques i.e., fluorescence/ photo-acoustic/ radionuclide/ magnetic resonance imaging, Furthermore, we have deliberated some of the most recently developed PNPs based multimodal nanotheranostic platforms (by combining two or more imaging or therapy techniques on a single nanoplatform) in cancer theranostics. Moreover, we have provided a brief update on PNPs based NTP which are recently developed to overcome MDR for effective cancer treatment. Additionally, we have briefly discussed about the tissue biodistribution/tumour targeting efficiency of these nanoplatforms along with recent preclinical/clinical studies. Finally, we have elaborated on various limitations associated with PNPs based nanoplatforms.© 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd.