转化生长因子-β (TGF-β) 信号传导调节涉及胚胎发育、伤口愈合和免疫稳态的细胞特异性程序。然而，在肿瘤进展过程中，这些 TGF-β 介导的程序发生改变，导致上皮细胞可塑性以及上皮细胞通过上皮间质转化 (EMT) 重新编程为间质谱系，EMT 是形态发生和器官发生中的关键发育程序。这些变化反过来导致癌细胞侵袭、转移、免疫细胞分化、免疫逃避和化疗耐药性增强。在这里，我们讨论 EMT 作为与癌细胞可塑性相关的关键程序之一以及 TGF-β 对癌症状态和功能的影响。我们进一步探索肿瘤微环境中癌症和其他细胞群的组成，并考虑与癌症治疗耐药性相关的项目的相关结果。版权所有 © 2023 作者。由爱思唯尔有限公司出版。保留所有权利。

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling regulates cell-specific programs involved in embryonic development, wound-healing, and immune homeostasis. Yet, during tumor progression, these TGF-β-mediated programs are altered, leading to epithelial cell plasticity and a reprogramming of epithelial cells into mesenchymal lineages through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical developmental program in morphogenesis and organogenesis. These changes, in turn, lead to enhanced carcinoma cell invasion, metastasis, immune cell differentiation, immune evasion, and chemotherapy resistance. Here, we discuss EMT as one of the critical programs associated with carcinoma cell plasticity and the influence exerted by TGF-β on carcinoma status and function. We further explore the composition of carcinoma and other cell populations within the tumor microenvironment, and consider the relevant outcomes related to the programs associated with cancer treatment resistance.Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.