经过训练的免疫实际上是先天免疫反应的记忆，导致先天免疫细胞的长期功能重新编程。在生理条件下，经过训练的免疫力会导致适应性状态，从而增强对病原体的抵抗力并有助于免疫监视。然而，如果训练有素的免疫力被不适当地激活，训练有素的免疫力失调可能会导致严重感染或癌症中的先天免疫反应缺陷，或者导致炎症和自身免疫性疾病。在这里，我们回顾了介导训练免疫诱导的免疫学和分子机制，并提出训练免疫是人类疾病预防和治疗方法的重要目标。一方面，我们认为诱导训练有素的免疫力的新方法可能会增强疫苗的功效。另一方面，在癌症中诱导经过训练的免疫，以及抑制在炎症性疾病中过度诱导经过训练的免疫，是适合新治疗方法的可行目标。版权所有 © 2023 Elsevier Inc. 保留所有权利。

Trained immunity is a de facto memory for innate immune responses, leading to long-term functional reprogramming of innate immune cells. In physiological conditions, trained immunity leads to adaptive states that enhance resistance against pathogens and contributes to immunosurveillance. Dysregulated trained immunity can however lead either to defective innate immune responses in severe infections or cancer or to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases if trained immunity is inappropriately activated. Here, we review the immunological and molecular mechanisms that mediate trained immunity induction and propose that trained immunity represents an important target for prophylactic and therapeutic approaches in human diseases. On the one hand, we argue that novel approaches that induce trained immunity may enhance vaccine efficacy. On the other hand, induction of trained immunity in cancer, and inhibition of exaggerated induction of trained immunity in inflammatory disorders, are viable targets amenable for new therapeutic approaches.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.