甲状腺中存在成熟骨骼和骨髓的情况极为罕见。当甲状腺结节的细胞学检查分别显示巨核细胞或骨髓脂肪的证据时，应怀疑髓外造血（EMH）和异位骨形成（HBF）。这些异常的原因尚未完全阐明，但骨形态发生因子 (BMP) 在其发病机制中的作用已被提出。 EMH 和 HBF 均可在良性和恶性原发性甲状腺疾病中观察到，尽管它们尚未明确与显着的病理学相关，但建议在出现这些发现时考虑进行扩展研究，以排除伴随的血液学疾病。© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2023。禁止商业重复使用。请参阅权利和权限。英国医学杂志出版。

The presence of mature bone and bone marrow in the thyroid gland is an exceedingly rare occurrence. Extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH) and heterotopic bone formation (HBF) should be suspected when cytology of thyroid nodules reveals evidence of megakaryocytes or bone marrow fat, respectively. The cause of these abnormalities has not been fully elucidated, but the role of bone morphogenic factors (BMPs) in their pathogenesis has been suggested. Both EMH and HBF can be seen in both benign and malignant primary thyroid conditions, and although they have not been definitively associated with significant pathology, it is recommended that extension studies be considered in the event of these findings to rule out concomitant haematological conditions.© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.