核酸传感涉及病毒感染、免疫反应相关疾病和治疗。根据核酸的组成，核酸传感器被定义为DNA或RNA传感器。病原体相关核酸被膜结合和细胞内受体（称为模式识别受体（PRR））识别，其诱导先天免疫介导的抗病毒反应。 PRR 激活受到严格调节，以消除感染并防止异常或过度的免疫反应。核酸传感是肿瘤免疫疗法和基因疗法的重要机制，通过基因工程免疫细胞或治疗性核酸来靶向癌症和传染病。核酸传感支持免疫细胞在肿瘤治疗期间引发所需的免疫反应。最近的研究表明，核酸传感通过抑制翻译来影响基因治疗的效率。通过小分子抑制剂、病毒衍生蛋白和化学修饰抑制核酸传感诱导的先天免疫提供了一种潜在的治疗策略。在此，我们回顾了核酸传感的机制和调控，特别涵盖了最新进展。此外，我们总结并讨论了核酸传感对治疗效果不同影响的最新研究进展。这项研究为核酸传感在治疗中的应用提供了见解。© 2023。作者。

Nucleic acid sensing is involved in viral infections, immune response-related diseases, and therapeutics. Based on the composition of nucleic acids, nucleic acid sensors are defined as DNA or RNA sensors. Pathogen-associated nucleic acids are recognized by membrane-bound and intracellular receptors, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which induce innate immune-mediated antiviral responses. PRR activation is tightly regulated to eliminate infections and prevent abnormal or excessive immune responses. Nucleic acid sensing is an essential mechanism in tumor immunotherapy and gene therapies that target cancer and infectious diseases through genetically engineered immune cells or therapeutic nucleic acids. Nucleic acid sensing supports immune cells in priming desirable immune responses during tumor treatment. Recent studies have shown that nucleic acid sensing affects the efficiency of gene therapy by inhibiting translation. Suppression of innate immunity induced by nucleic acid sensing through small-molecule inhibitors, virus-derived proteins, and chemical modifications offers a potential therapeutic strategy. Herein, we review the mechanisms and regulation of nucleic acid sensing, specifically covering recent advances. Furthermore, we summarize and discuss recent research progress regarding the different effects of nucleic acid sensing on therapeutic efficacy. This study provides insights for the application of nucleic acid sensing in therapy.© 2023. The Author(s).