间充质干细胞 (MSC) 因其分化为多种细胞类型的卓越能力而受到认可。众所周知，它们还具有抗癌特性，因此人们尝试修饰间充质干细胞以用于抗癌治疗。然而，间充质干细胞也被发现参与促进肿瘤生长的途径。已经进行了许多研究来探索 MSC 的临床应用潜力，但结果尚无定论，可能是由于 MSC 群体的多样性所致。此外，间充质干细胞在抑制肿瘤和促进肿瘤生长方面的相互冲突的作用阻碍了它们对抗癌治疗的适应。间充质干细胞在膀胱癌、前列腺癌和肾癌等泌尿系统癌症中的抗肿瘤和促肿瘤特性尚未明确，比较它们的数据仍然有限。间充质干细胞作为向肿瘤传递抗癌药物和自杀基因的载体具有重大前景。目前，许多研究集中在 MSC 衍生的产品上，例如细胞外囊泡 (EV)，作为一种无细胞疗法。这项工作旨在回顾和讨论 MSC 及其 EV 在泌尿系统癌症治疗中的最新知识。© 2023 国际细胞生物学联合会。

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are recognized for their remarkable ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. They are also known to possess properties that can fight cancer, leading to attempts to modify MSCs for use in anticancer treatments. However, MSCs have also been found to participate in pathways that promote tumor growth. Many studies have been conducted to explore the potential of MSCs for clinical applications, but the results have been inconclusive, possibly due to the diverse nature of MSC populations. Furthermore, the conflicting roles of MSCs in inhibiting tumors and promoting tumor growth hinder their adaptation to anticancer therapies. Antitumorigenic and protumorigenic properties of MSCs in urological cancers such as bladder, prostate, and renal are not as well established, and data comparing them are still limited. MSCs hold significant promise as a vehicle for delivering anticancer agents and suicide genes to tumors. Presently, numerous studies have concentrated on the products derived from MSCs, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), as a form of cell-free therapy. This work aimed to review and discuss the current knowledge of MSCs and their EVs in urological cancer therapy.© 2023 International Federation of Cell Biology.