氨酰基-tRNA 合成酶 (ARS) 是催化氨基酸与 tRNA 连接进行翻译的酶。除了其在翻译中的传统作用之外，ARS 还在各种生物过程中获得了调节功能（表观翻译功能）。由于其双重活性，ARS 的异常表达、分泌和突变与人类疾病有关，包括癌症、自身免疫性疾病和神经系统疾病。越来越多的新发现的 ARS 活性和疾病关联激发了人们对新药开发的兴趣，这些新药开发针对 ARS 与疾病相关的催化和非催化活性，以及​​利用 ARS 作为生物治疗的来源。这篇综述推测了 ARS 的翻译和表观翻译活性如何相互关联，并描述了它们的活动如何与疾病和药物发现联系起来。版权所有 © 2023。由 Elsevier Ltd 出版。

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are enzymes that catalyze the ligation of amino acids to tRNAs for translation. Beyond their traditional role in translation, ARSs have acquired regulatory functions in various biological processes (epi-translational functions). With their dual-edged activities, aberrant expression, secretion, and mutations of ARSs are associated with human diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurological diseases. The increasing numbers of newly unveiled activities and disease associations of ARSs have spurred interest in novel drug development, targeting disease-related catalytic and noncatalytic activities of ARSs as well as harnessing ARSs as sources for biological therapeutics. This review speculates how the translational and epi-translational activities of ARSs can be related and describes how their activities can be linked to diseases and drug discovery.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.