在应激环境下由转移 RNA (tRNA) 产生的功能性非编码 RNA 的一个独特亚类被称为 tRNA 衍生小 RNA (tsRNA)。根据切割位点的不同，tsRNA 可分为 tRNA 半部和 tRNA 衍生片段（tRF）。与 microRNA 一样，tsRNA 可以附着在 Argonaute (AGO) 蛋白上，以碱基配对的方式靶向下游 mRNA，在 rRNA 加工、基因沉默、蛋白表达和病毒感染中发挥作用。值得注意的是，tsRNA 还可以直接与蛋白质结合，并在转录、蛋白质修饰、基因表达、蛋白质稳定和信号传导途径中发挥功能。 tsRNA可以控制抑癌基因的表达并参与癌症的发生。它还可以通过调节细胞活力、迁移能力、炎症因子含量和自噬能力来介导疾病的进展。以tsRNA为靶点的精准医疗和植物来源的tsRNA的药物治疗有望应用于临床。此外，基于tsRNA的液体活检技术为疾病的无创诊断指明了新方向。版权所有©2023 Shi、Xie、Pei、He、Hou、Xu、Fu和Shi。

An unique subclass of functional non-coding RNAs generated by transfer RNA (tRNA) under stress circumstances is known as tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA). tsRNAs can be divided into tRNA halves and tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) based on the different cleavage sites. Like microRNAs, tsRNAs can attach to Argonaute (AGO) proteins to target downstream mRNA in a base pairing manner, which plays a role in rRNA processing, gene silencing, protein expression and viral infection. Notably, tsRNAs can also directly bind to protein and exhibit functions in transcription, protein modification, gene expression, protein stabilization, and signaling pathways. tsRNAs can control the expression of tumor suppressor genes and participate in the initiation of cancer. It can also mediate the progression of diseases by regulating cell viability, migration ability, inflammatory factor content and autophagy ability. Precision medicine targeting tsRNAs and drug therapy of plant-derived tsRNAs are expected to be used in clinical practice. In addition, liquid biopsy technology based on tsRNAs indicates a new direction for the non-invasive diagnosis of diseases.Copyright © 2023 Shi, Xie, Pei, He, Hou, Xu, Fu and Shi.