背景：重楼。云南药材作为我国濒临灭绝的民族药材，几千年来一直是中药治疗跌打损伤、咽喉肿痛、蛇咬伤、惊风等的重要药材。但重金属、皂苷含量与其抗乳腺癌药理活性之间的反比关系尚未见报道。云南。方法：本研究旨在揭示重金属、皂苷的含量特征及其抗乳腺癌药理活性及其相互关系。不同产地的云南松。重金属和甾体皂苷的含量。分别采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）和高效液相色谱技术对云南黄芪进行了分析。采用Pearson相关系数研究皂苷与重金属的相关性。选择并培养4T1小鼠乳腺肿瘤细胞用于体外抗肿瘤研究。采用细胞计数试剂盒-8（CCK-8）测定、Hoechst染色和流式细胞术分析检测4T1肿瘤细胞的增殖和凋亡。将小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞皮下注射至BALB/c小鼠体内构建肿瘤模型，探讨其对乳腺癌的体内抑制作用。采用TUNEL法和免疫组织化学法检测重楼的作用。不同来源的云南草对4T1肿瘤小鼠癌细胞增殖和凋亡的诱导作用。结果：重金属含量与甾体皂苷含量呈高度相关。三个产地10种金属的总含量顺序为C3>C2>C1。重楼提取物中八种甾体皂苷的总含量。三个不同产地的云南松树的大小依次为：C1>C2>C3。 Pearson相关研究表明，重金属中，Cd、Ba含量与重楼中主要甾体皂苷呈正相关。云南石竹中，Al、Cr、Cu、Fe、Zn、As、Hg、Pb 呈负相关。体外实验表明，重楼提取物。三个来源的云南龙胆均能以浓度和时间依赖性的方式抑制4T1细胞的增殖并诱导细胞凋亡，尤其是C1来源的云南龙胆。体内实验表明，重楼提取物。三个来源的云南黄芪均能抑制肿瘤生长，诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。三个产地中，C1产地的总重金属含量最低，但总甾体皂苷含量最高。因此，与其他来源相比，其在降低肿瘤组织中人表皮生长因子受体2（HER2）和基尔67（Ki67）表达以及增加p53表达方面表现出更好的效果。综上所述，三个来源中，C1来源的体内外抗肿瘤药理作用均优于其他来源。结论：本研究发现，随着重金属含量的增加，甾体皂苷含量及抗乳腺癌活性降低。结果表明，重金属总含量较高，可能不利于重叶植物甾体皂苷的积累。云南黄芪的抗乳腺癌活性较低。本研究结果提示，重金属的人工栽培过程中应控制重金属含量。 yunnanensis.Copyright © 2023 Li、Yan、Qi、Zhang、Guo、Gu、Wu、Wu 和 Zhou。

Background: P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, as a near-threatened and ethnic medicine in China, used to be a key ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of traumatic injuries, sore throat, snakebites, and convulsions for thousands of years. However, there were no reports on the inverse relationship between the contents of heavy metals and saponins and its anti-breast cancer pharmacological activity in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Methods: The present study aimed to reveal the characteristics of heavy metal contents and saponins and its anti-breast cancer pharmacological activity and their interrelationships in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis from different production areas. The contents of heavy metal and steroidal saponins in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the high-performance liquid chromatography technique, respectively. The Pearson correlation was used to study the correlation between saponins and heavy metals. 4T1 mouse mammary tumor cells were selected and cultivated for antitumor studies in vitro. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, Hoechst staining, and flow cytometry analysis were used for the examination of the proliferation and apoptosis of 4T1 tumor cells. Mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells were subcutaneously injected into BALB/c mice to construct a tumor model to explore the in vivo inhibitory effect on breast cancer. TUNEL assay and immunohistochemistry were used for the examination of the effect of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis from different origins on cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis induction in 4T1 tumor mice. Results: Heavy metal contents were highly correlated with the content of steroidal saponins. The overall content of 10 metals in the three producing origins was of the order C3 >C2 >C1. The total content of eight steroidal saponins in the extracts of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis from three different origins was C1 >C2 >C3. The Pearson correlation study showed that in all of the heavy metals, the contents of Cd and Ba were positively correlated with the main steroidal saponins in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, while Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Zn, As, Hg, and Pb showed a negative correlation. In vitro experiments showed that the extracts of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis from three origins could inhibit the proliferation and induce cell apoptosis of 4T1 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, especially in the C1 origin. In vivo experiments showed that the extract of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis from the three origins could inhibit the growth of tumors and induce the apoptosis of tumor cells. In the three origins, C1 origin had the lowest total heavy metal level but the highest total steroidal saponin level. Therefore, it showed a better effect in reducing the expression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and Kiel 67 (Ki67) and increasing the expression of p53 in tumor tissues compared to the other origins. In conclusion, in the three origins, C1 origin exhibits antitumor pharmacological effects in vivo and in vitro which are better than those in the other origins. Conclusion: In this study, we found that with the increase of the heavy metal content, the content of steroid saponins and anti-breast cancer activity decreased. The results showed that the high content of the total heavy metals may not be conducive to the accumulation of steroidal saponins in P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and lead to the low anti-breast cancer activity. The results of this study suggest that the content of heavy metals should be controlled in the artificial cultivation process of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.Copyright © 2023 Li, Yan, Qi, Zhang, Guo, Gu, Wu, Wu and Zhou.