2021年和2022年，两种免疫检查点抑制剂获得FDA批准用于新辅助治疗早期三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）和非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）。此后的几项研究表明，在胃肠道、头颈和皮肤领域的确定性手术之前进行新辅助免疫治疗的好处和挑战。此外，许多正在进行的 2 期和 3 期试验正在研究新辅助免疫治疗在早期疾病中的结果。因此，预计未来几年将有更多的免疫检查点抑制剂获得各种新辅助适应症的批准。多学科癌症护理团队中的肿瘤内科医生、外科医生和其他提供者将获得有关前期手术与新辅助治疗的替代治疗范例和临床决策。在这里，我们描述了支持使用免疫检查点抑制剂进行新辅助治疗的当前证据、正在进行的研究以及这种治疗方法的临床考虑。

In 2021 and 2022, two immune checkpoint inhibitors received FDA approval in the neoadjuvant setting for the treatment of early-stage triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several more studies have since indicated the benefits, and challenges, of administering neoadjuvant immunotherapy prior to definitive surgery in the gastrointestinal, head and neck, and cutaneous realms. Additionally, numerous ongoing phase 2 and phase 3 trials are investigating outcomes of neoadjuvant immune treatment in early-stage disease. As such, it is anticipated that more immune checkpoint inhibitors will receive approval for various neoadjuvant indications in the next several years. Medical oncologists, surgeons and other providers in a multi-disciplinary cancer care team will be presented with alternate treatment paradigms and clinical decisions regarding upfront surgery versus neoadjuvant treatment. Here, we describe the current evidence supporting use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for neoadjuvant treatment, ongoing studies, and clinical considerations of this treatment approach.