近几十年来，利用循环肿瘤细胞（CTC）、循环肿瘤DNA（ctDNA）、循环肿瘤RNA（ctRNA）、外泌体等作为液体生物标志物在包括乳腺癌（BC）在内的各种肿瘤中受到了极大的关注。迄今为止，液体活检领域的工作主要集中在血液标记物的分析上。值得注意的是，非血液来源的标记物的鉴定提供了超越血液的独特优势，这些替代来源可能在某些情况下提供补充信息方面具有重要意义。在此，我们概述了非血液生物标志物分析的最新进展，主要包括尿液、唾液、脑脊液、胸水、粪便等。此类检测的独特优势、目前的局限性以及非血液生物标志物的适当使用进一步讨论了不同环境下的测定和血液测定。最后，我们建议强调这些替代检测从基础到临床实施的挑战，并探索需要进行更多研究以阐明其潜在效用的领域。© 2023。作者。

In recent decades, using circulating tumor cell (CTC), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor RNA (ctRNA), exosomes and etc. as liquid biomarkers has received enormous attention in various tumors, including breast cancer (BC). To date, efforts in the area of liquid biopsy predominantly focus on the analysis of blood-based markers. It is worth noting that the identifications of markers from non-blood sources provide unique advantages beyond the blood and these alternative sources may be of great significance in offering supplementary information in certain settings. Here, we outline the latest advances in the analysis of non-blood biomarkers, predominantly including urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, stool and etc. The unique advantages of such testings, their current limitations and the appropriate use of non-blood assays and blood assays in different settings are further discussed. Finally, we propose to highlight the challenges of these alternative assays from basic to clinical implementation and explore the areas where more investigations are warranted to elucidate its potential utility.© 2023. The Author(s).