电化学生物传感器已成为超灵敏检测肺癌生物标志物（如癌胚抗原（CEA）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）和甲胎蛋白（AFP））的强大工具。本综述全面讨论了基于纳米复合材料的电化学生物传感器在早期肺癌诊断和预后方面的进展和潜力。通过集成石墨烯、金属纳米颗粒和导电聚合物等纳米材料，这些传感器已实现 fg/mL 至 pg/mL 范围内的临床相关检测限。我们强调纳米材料功能化在提高灵敏度、特异性和防污性能方面的关键作用。本综述还探讨了与可重复性和临床转化相关的挑战，强调了制造协议标准化和稳健的验证研究的必要性。随着对肺癌生物标志物了解的快速增长和传感器设计的创新，纳米复合电化学生物传感器在肺癌即时筛查和个性化治疗指导方面具有巨大的潜力。实现这一目标需要材料科学家、工程师和临床医生之间的战略合作，以解决技术和实践障碍。总体而言，这项工作为开发下一代智能诊断设备以对抗肺癌的高死亡率提供了宝贵的见解。

Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for the ultrasensitive detection of lung cancer biomarkers like carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and alpha fetoprotein (AFP). This review comprehensively discusses the progress and potential of nanocomposite-based electrochemical biosensors for early lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. By integrating nanomaterials like graphene, metal nanoparticles, and conducting polymers, these sensors have achieved clinically relevant detection limits in the fg/mL to pg/mL range. We highlight the key role of nanomaterial functionalization in enhancing sensitivity, specificity, and antifouling properties. This review also examines challenges related to reproducibility and clinical translation, emphasizing the need for standardization of fabrication protocols and robust validation studies. With the rapid growth in understanding lung cancer biomarkers and innovations in sensor design, nanocomposite electrochemical biosensors hold immense potential for point-of-care lung cancer screening and personalized therapy guidance. Realizing this goal will require strategic collaboration among material scientists, engineers, and clinicians to address technical and practical hurdles. Overall, this work provides valuable insight for developing next-generation smart diagnostic devices to combat the high mortality of lung cancer.