在克罗恩病 (CD) 和溃疡性结肠炎 (UC) 等炎症性肠病 (IBD) 中，免疫系统会无情地攻击肠道细胞，导致患者一生中反复出现组织损伤。 IBD 的病因复杂且多因素，涉及改变生物体分子基础的环境、微生物群、遗传和免疫因素。其中，微生物群和免疫细胞发挥着关键作用；微生物群产生免疫细胞和抗体识别的抗原，而自身抗体则瞄准并攻击肠膜，加剧炎症和组织损伤。鉴于分子框架的改变，对患者多种分子生物标志物的分析被证明对于诊断和预测 IBD 非常有价值，包括 C 反应蛋白和粪便钙卫蛋白等标志物。在对患者进行检测和分类后，将进行特定的治疗，从传统药物到新的生物疗法，例如中和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）和整合素等炎症分子的抗体。本综述深入探讨了 IBD 管理的分子基础和靶标、生物标志物、治疗方案、监测技术，以及最终的当前挑战。

In inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the immune system relentlessly attacks intestinal cells, causing recurrent tissue damage over the lifetime of patients. The etiology of IBD is complex and multifactorial, involving environmental, microbiota, genetic, and immunological factors that alter the molecular basis of the organism. Among these, the microbiota and immune cells play pivotal roles; the microbiota generates antigens recognized by immune cells and antibodies, while autoantibodies target and attack the intestinal membrane, exacerbating inflammation and tissue damage. Given the altered molecular framework, the analysis of multiple molecular biomarkers in patients proves exceedingly valuable for diagnosing and prognosing IBD, including markers like C reactive protein and fecal calprotectin. Upon detection and classification of patients, specific treatments are administered, ranging from conventional drugs to new biological therapies, such as antibodies to neutralize inflammatory molecules like tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and integrin. This review delves into the molecular basis and targets, biomarkers, treatment options, monitoring techniques, and, ultimately, current challenges in IBD management.