单光子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描 (SPECT/CT) 是一种成熟的成像技术，在多种疾病的诊断和监测中发挥着积极作用。本文综述了 SPECT 和 SPECT/CT 成像的技术进步、临床影响和未来方向。本次综述的重点是信号放大器器件、探测器材料、摄像头和准直器设计、图像重建技术和定量方法。笨重的光电倍增管 (PMT) 正在被位置敏感 PMT (PSPMT)、雪崩光电二极管 (APD) 和硅 PM 所取代，以实现更高的检测效率以及改进的能量分辨率和空间分辨率。最近，新型 SPECT 相机被设计用于心脏成像。新设计涉及将专用准直器与传统碘化钠探测器 (NaI(Tl)) 或 L 形摄像头结合使用，该摄像头采用 CdZnTe（CZT：碲化镉锌）等半导体探测器材料。新设计的临床优势包括缩短扫描时间、提高图像质量、提高患者舒适度、减少幽闭恐惧症效应以及减小整体尺寸，特别是在专业临床中心。这些显着的改进也归功于分辨率恢复迭代重建的实施。通过结合相机特定的建模，人们付出了巨大的努力，将 SPECT 和 SPECT/CT 成像建立为定量工具。此外，本综述还包括肿瘤学、神经学、心脏病学、肌肉骨骼学和感染学的临床实例，展示了这些进步对放射学和分子成像部门临床实践的影响。

Single photon emission tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) is a mature imaging technology with a dynamic role in the diagnosis and monitoring of a wide array of diseases. This paper reviews the technological advances, clinical impact, and future directions of SPECT and SPECT/CT imaging. The focus of this review is on signal amplifier devices, detector materials, camera head and collimator designs, image reconstruction techniques, and quantitative methods. Bulky photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are being replaced by position-sensitive PMTs (PSPMTs), avalanche photodiodes (APDs), and silicon PMs to achieve higher detection efficiency and improved energy resolution and spatial resolution. Most recently, new SPECT cameras have been designed for cardiac imaging. The new design involves using specialised collimators in conjunction with conventional sodium iodide detectors (NaI(Tl)) or an L-shaped camera head, which utilises semiconductor detector materials such as CdZnTe (CZT: cadmium-zinc-telluride). The clinical benefits of the new design include shorter scanning times, improved image quality, enhanced patient comfort, reduced claustrophobic effects, and decreased overall size, particularly in specialised clinical centres. These noticeable improvements are also attributed to the implementation of resolution-recovery iterative reconstructions. Immense efforts have been made to establish SPECT and SPECT/CT imaging as quantitative tools by incorporating camera-specific modelling. Moreover, this review includes clinical examples in oncology, neurology, cardiology, musculoskeletal, and infection, demonstrating the impact of these advancements on clinical practice in radiology and molecular imaging departments.