(1)背景：在2型糖尿病的慢性并发症中，癌症已成为一些国家的首要死因。我们的目的是确定流行的 2 型糖尿病是否与较高的癌症发病率相关。 (2) 方法：本研究包括在匈牙利进行的全国性分析。研究人群分为两组：2 型糖尿病组与非糖尿病组。主要结果是与总体癌症发病率相关的风险；一个关键的次要结果是不同研究年份的癌症总体发病率；进一步的结果是年度百分比变化。 (3) 结果：与非糖尿病对照者相比，糖尿病患者与癌症总体发病率相关的比值比为 2.50（95% 置信区间：2.46-2.55，p < 0.0001）。男性的比值比高于女性[OR男性：2.76 (2.70-2.82) vs. OR女性：2.27 (2.22-2.33)，男女比较p < 0.05]。非糖尿病对照组的年癌症发病率下降，但糖尿病患者则没有下降 [-1.79% (-2.07--1.52%), p < 0.0001] vs. -0.50% (-1.12- 0.10%), p = 0.0991]。在非糖尿病对照组中，几种类型的癌症表现出下降趋势，但在 2 型糖尿病患者中则没有。 (4)结论：2型糖尿病与较高的癌症风险相关。虽然非糖尿病个体的癌症发病率随着时间的推移而下降，但 T2DM 患者的癌症发病率保持不变。

(1) Background: Among the chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer has become the leading cause of death in several countries. Our objective was to determine whether prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a higher incidence of cancer. (2) Methods: This study comprised a nationwide analysis conducted in Hungary. The study population was divided into two groups: a type 2 diabetes mellitus group vs. a non-diabetic group. The primary outcome was the risk related to overall cancer incidence; a key secondary outcome was the overall incidence of cancer in distinct study years; and a further outcome was the annual percent changes. (3) Results: The odds ratio related to the overall incidence of cancer was 2.50 (95% confidence interval: 2.46-2.55, p < 0.0001) in patients with diabetes as related to non-diabetic controls. The odds ratio was higher in males than in females [ORmales: 2.76 (2.70-2.82) vs. ORfemales: 2.27 (2.22-2.33), p < 0.05 for male-to-female comparison]. The annual cancer incidence rate declined in non-diabetic controls, but not in patients with diabetes [-1.79% (-2.07--1.52%), p < 0.0001] vs. -0.50% (-1.12-+0.10%), p = 0.0991]. Several types of cancer showed a decreasing tendency in non-diabetic controls, but not in patients with type 2 diabetes. (4) Conclusions: Type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher risk of cancer. While the cancer incidence decreased for non-diabetic individuals with time, it remained unchanged in patients with T2DM.