早期癌症检测和准确监测对于确保提高患者生存率至关重要。最近的研究重点是开发非侵入性生物标志物，以低成本和低风险早期诊断癌症并监测疾病进展。细胞外囊泡（EV）是大多数细胞类型分泌到细胞外空间的纳米级颗粒，作为液体癌症活检的新型生物标志物候选者越来越受欢迎，因为它们可以将生物活性物质运输到远处并促进细胞间通讯。我们进行了文献检索，讨论了当前的 EV 分离方法以及使用 EV 相关蛋白、miRNA、mRNA、DNA 和脂质作为液体活检的进展。我们讨论了在临床应用中使用这些囊泡的优点和挑战。此外，还强调了机器学习作为肿瘤标志物发现新工具的最新进展。

Early cancer detection and accurate monitoring are crucial to ensure increased patient survival. Recent research has focused on developing non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose cancer early and monitor disease progression at low cost and risk. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized particles secreted into extracellular spaces by most cell types, are gaining immense popularity as novel biomarker candidates for liquid cancer biopsy, as they can transport bioactive cargo to distant sites and facilitate intercellular communications. A literature search was conducted to discuss the current approaches for EV isolation and the advances in using EV-associated proteins, miRNA, mRNA, DNA, and lipids as liquid biopsies. We discussed the advantages and challenges of using these vesicles in clinical applications. Moreover, recent advancements in machine learning as a novel tool for tumor marker discovery are also highlighted.