因乳腺癌转移而到诊所就诊的女性的治疗选择有限。然而，大多数临床前研究实际上并不是针对已确定的转移性疾病开发治疗方案。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论临床前宏观转移乳腺癌模型的现状，包括但不限于同基因 GEMM、PDX 和异种移植。这些模型中经常被忽视的挑战包括荧光团免疫原性新抗原、实验性转移与自发性转移的差异以及肿瘤异质性。此外，由于转移灶的肿瘤免疫微环境 (TIME) 中的细胞可塑性，新批准的免疫检查点阻断 (ICB) 在转移部位的治疗效果可能与原发性局部肿瘤不同。版权所有 © 2024。由 Elsevier 出版B.V.

Women that present to the clinic with established breast cancer metastases have limited treatment options. Yet, the majority of preclinical studies are actually not directed at developing treatment regimens for established metastatic disease. In this review we will discuss the current state of preclinical macro-metastatic breast cancer models, including, but not limited to syngeneic GEMM, PDX and xenografts. Challenges within these models which are often overlooked include fluorophore-immunogenic neoantigens, differences in experimental vs spontaneous metastasis and tumor heterogeneity. Furthermore, due to cell plasticity in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of the metastatic landscape, the treatment efficacy of newly approved immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) may differ in metastatic sites as compared to primary localized tumors.Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.