卵巢癌（OC）是发达国家最致命的妇科癌症。大多数病例在 III-IV 期晚期诊断，5 年总生存率非常低。几项研究表明，与非激素治疗 (HT) 治疗者相比，激素治疗 (HT) 治疗者发生 OC 的风险更高。 HT持续时间延长是一个统计上显着的危险因素。碳水化合物抗原或癌抗原 125 (CA-125) 仍然是 OC 的最佳筛查工具；然而，由于特异性低，其价值有限，导致不必要的干预、手术和心理伤害。此外，超声解释的可变性凸显了迫切需要开发一种具有更高敏感性和特异性的单变量指数，用于 HT 下女性 OC 的早期诊断。在此，我们批判性地回顾了用于检测 OC 的生物标志物的局限性，旨在提出一种准确且具有成本效益的诊断比率，消除体重指数、年龄、HT、吸烟和良性卵巢疾病对测量的影响。许多研究将 CA-125、人附睾蛋白 4 和胸苷激酶 1 等生物标志物结合到诊断算法中。数据表明，雌激素受体的表达可能具有诊断和预后价值，因为由于 ERβ 下调，OC 中雌激素受体 α (ERα):雌激素受体 β (ERβ) 的比率显着高于正常组织。 CA-125 和碳水化合物抗原或癌抗原 72 - 4 (CA72-4) 的表达分别与 ERα 和 ERβ 之间存在高度正相关性，这表明新的比率 CA-125:CA72-4 可能是监测术后的节点。 HT 下的更年期妇女。© 2024。作者。

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer in the developed world. Most cases are diagnosed at late stage III-IV with a very low 5-year overall survival rate. Several studies revealed an elevated risk of OC in users of hormone treatment (HT) compared with non-users. The extended duration of HT is a statistically significant risk factor. Carbohydrate antigen or cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) remains the best screening tool for OC; however, its value is limited due to low specificity, leading to unnecessary interventions, surgeries, and psychological harm. Additionally, the variability of ultrasound interpretation highlights the urgent need to develop a univariate index with higher sensitivity and specificity for early diagnosis of OC in women under HT. Herein we critically review the limitations of biomarkers for the detection of OC aiming to suggest an accurate and cost-effective diagnostic ratio that eliminates the impact of body mass index, age, HT, smoking, and benign ovarian diseases on measurements. Numerous studies combine biomarkers such as CA-125, human epididymis protein 4, and thymidine kinase 1 into diagnostic algorithms. Data suggest that the expression of estrogen receptors may have diagnostic and prognostic value, as the estrogen receptor α (ERα):estrogen receptor β (ERβ) ratio is significantly higher in OC than in normal tissue due to ERβ downregulation. A high positive correlation between expression of CA-125 and carbohydrate antigen or cancer antigen 72 - 4 (CA72-4) with ERα and ERβ, respectively, poses that a novel ratio CA-125:CA72-4 could be nodal for monitoring post-menopausal women under HT.© 2024. The Author(s).