转移性癌细胞的扩散对癌症治疗提出了重大挑战，因此早期检测和诊断的创新方法至关重要。介电泳阻抗谱 (DEPIS) 是一种强大的细胞分析工具，它结合了介电泳 (DEP) 和阻抗谱 (IS) 来分离、分类、细胞并分析其介电特性。在这项研究中，我们开发并构建了平面外喷墨打印的城堡形阵列，以绘制 MDA-MB-231 乳腺癌细胞亚型在其转移潜力上的介电特性。这是通过调节连接蛋白 43 (Cx43) 的表达来实现的，连接蛋白 43 是一种与乳腺癌预后不良和转移增加相关的标志物。我们采用基于 DEP 的捕获，然后对大量细胞群进行 EIS 测量，根据癌细胞的转移状态快速捕获和分化癌细胞。我们的结果揭示了各种 MDA-MB-231 转移亚型与其各自的介电泳和介电特性之间存在显着相关性。值得注意的是，具有最高转移潜能的细胞表现出最高的膜电容（16.88 ± 3.24 mF m-2），其次是膜电容低于 14.3 ± 2.54 mF m-2 的转移较少的细胞亚型。此外，与转移性较低的亚型（≥27±1kHz）相比，高度转移的细胞表现出较低的交叉频率（25±1kHz），这是细胞分选的重要特征。最后，EIS 测量显示转移亚组之间在 1 kHz 时具有不同的双层电容 (CDL) 值，证实了与细胞转移状态相关的独特介电和介电泳特性。我们的研究结果强调了 DEPIS 作为一种非侵入性快速分析工具的潜力，提供对癌症生物学的见解，并促进针对不同转移阶段的个性化治疗干预措施的开发。

The spread of metastatic cancer cells poses a significant challenge in cancer treatment, making innovative approaches for early detection and diagnosis essential. Dielectrophoretic impedance spectroscopy (DEPIS), a powerful tool for cell analysis, combines dielectrophoresis (DEP) and impedance spectroscopy (IS) to separate, sort, cells and analyze their dielectric properties. In this study, we developed and built out-of-plane inkjet-printed castellated arrays to map the dielectric properties of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell subtypes across their metastatic potential. This was realized via modulating the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), a marker associated with poor breast cancer prognosis and increased metastasis. We employed DEP-based trapping, followed by EIS measurements on bulk cell population, for rapid capture and differentiation of the cancer cells according to their metastatic state. Our results revealed a significant correlation between the various MDA-MB-231 metastatic subtypes and their respective dielectrophoretic and dielectric properties. Notably, cells with the highest metastatic potential exhibited the highest membrane capacitance 16.88 ± 3.24 mF m-2, followed by the less metastatic cell subtypes with membrane capacitances below 14.3 ± 2.54 mF m-2. In addition, highly metastatic cells exhibited lower crossover frequency (25 ± 1 kHz) compared to the less metastatic subtypes (≥27 ± 1 kHz), an important characteristic for cell sorting. Finally, EIS measurements showed distinct double layer capacitance (CDL) values at 1 kHz between the metastatic subgroups, confirming unique dielectric and dielectrophoretic properties correlated with the metastatic state of the cell. Our findings underscore the potential of DEPIS as a non-invasive and rapid analytical tool, offering insights into cancer biology and facilitating the development of personalized therapeutic interventions tailored to distinct metastatic stages.